Dag 5: Individer i folkeretten

1
Dag 5 Individer i folkeretten

• Rettssubjekter
• Interessesubjekter
• Påtalesubjekter
• Handlingssubjekter
• Ansvarssubjekter

2
Rettighetssubjekter

• Individene har lenge vært rettighetssubjekter
• Statenes forplikter seg til å sikre rettigheter
• Eks. Genevekonvensjonene om behandling av
  krigsfanger (her er det faktisk individene som
  tilgodeses, sml. Immunitetsreglene)

3

• Hvordan håndheves rettighetene?
• Kan individene påtale rettighetskrenkelse?
• Ingen hinder etter folkeretten for å gi individer
  påtalekompetanse
• Opp til statene det er de som skaper folkeretten

4

• Påtalesubjekter
• Utg.pkt Bare en stat kan påtale at individers
  rettigheter krenkes
• Problem hvis hjemstaten er krenkeren
• Stater kan gi individene egen påtalekompetanse

5

• Sml. Konseptet erga omnes
• I MR-jussen EMK gir individene egen klagerett
• Tosporet Statsklager og individklager
• Statsklageadgangen (annen statspart) brukes
  sjelden

6

• Den individuelle klageadgangen har ført til et
  skred av saker
• Se EMK art. 34
• Individet kan være borger hvor som helst staten
  må være part i EMK

7

• Saksgangen
• Skriftlig klage til EMDs sekretariat (skjema)
• Visse krav må oppfylles (art. 35)
• Må gjelde brudd på EMK
• Må gjelde statspart
• Nasjonale rettsmidler må være uttømt (exhaustion
  of local remedies)
• Ikke anonym (art. 35)
• Oversendes til Domstolen som vurderer
  realitetsbehandling (komité med 3 dommere)

8

• Hvis ikke avvisning, behandles av 7 dommere
• Disse 7 avgjør endelig om klagen skal
  realitetsbehandles
• Partene innkalles til høring
• Dom avsies
• (Før Først ikke-bindende kommisjonsrapport)

9

• Individuell klagerett også til FNs
  Menneskerettighetskommité
• Liknende prosedyrer som EMD, men bare en komité
  ikke bindende dom
• Få stater har godtatt den individuelle
  klageretten (egen protokoll)

10
Handlingssubjekt

• Subjekter med evne til gjennom egne handlinger å
  pådra seg folkerettslige forpliktelser
• Individer er ikke handlingssubjekter (statene
  skaper forpliktelsene)

11
Ansvarssubjekt

• Straffeforfølgning av individer etter
  folkeretten?
• Tradisjonelt nasjonalt domene
• Ansvar på vegne av staten eller som privat?

12

• Versailles-traktaten (1919)
• Nürnbergtribunalet (1945)
• Seierherrenes (okkupantenes) jurisdiksjon
• Tokyotribunalet (1946)

13

• Jugoslaviatribunalet (1993)
• Bygger på Sikkerhetsrådets resolusjon
• Rwandatribunalet (1994)
• Den internasjonale straffedomstol (2002)
• Bygger på staters samtykke

14
ICCs jurisdiksjonsregime

• Over hvilke forbrytelser har ICC jurisdiksjon?

15

• Article 5 Crimes within the jurisdiction of the
  Court
• 1.The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited
  to the most serious crimes of concern to the
  international community as a whole. The Court has
  jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with
  respect to the following crimes
• (a)     The crime of genocide
• (b)     Crimes against humanity
• (c)     War crimes
• (d)     The crime of aggression.

16

• 2. The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over
  the crime of aggression once a provision is
  adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123
  defining the crime and setting out the conditions
  under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction
  with respect to this crime. Such a provision
  shall be consistent with the relevant provisions
  of the Charter of the United Nations.

17

• Over hvem har ICC jurisdiksjon?

18

• Article 12
• Preconditions to the exercise of jurisdiction
•   1.         A State which becomes a Party to
  this Statute thereby accepts the jurisdiction of
  the Court with respect to the crimes referred to
  in article 5.   2.         In the case of
  article 13, paragraph (a) or (c), the Court may
  exercise its jurisdiction if one or more of the
  following States are Parties to this Statute

19

• (a)     The State on the territory of which the
  conduct in question occurred or, if the crime was
  committed on board a vessel or aircraft, the
  State of registration of that vessel or aircraft
  
• (b)     The State of which the person accused of
  the crime is a national.

20

• Article 26
• Exclusion of jurisdiction over persons under
  eighteen
•             The Court shall have no jurisdiction
  over any person who was under the age of 18 at
  the time of the alleged commission of a crime.

21

• Jurisdiksjonens tidsmessige begrensning

22

• Article 11
• Jurisdiction ratione temporis
•   1.         The Court has jurisdiction only
  with respect to crimes committed after the entry
  into force of this Statute.   2.         If a
  State becomes a Party to this Statute after its
  entry into force, the Court may exercise its
  jurisdiction only with respect to crimes
  committed after the entry into force of this
  Statute for that State

23

• En stat kan trekke seg, men da med en 12-måneders
  frist

24

• Hvem kan reise sak?
• Art. 13
• Statspart
• Sikkerhetsrådet
• Hovedanklageren (spesialprosedyrer)

25

• Forholdet mellom ICC og nasjonale systemer
• Når kan ICC gripe inn
• Komplementaritetsprinsippet
• Ikke erstatte men utfylle

26

• Article 17 Issues of admissibility
• 1. Having regard to paragraph 10 of the Preamble
  and article 1, the Court shall determine that a
  case is inadmissible where
• (a) The case is being investigated or prosecuted
  by a State which has jurisdiction over it, unless
  the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to
  carry out the investigation or prosecution
• (b)     The case has been investigated by a State
  which has jurisdiction over it and the State has
  decided not to prosecute the person concerned,
  unless the decision resulted from the
  unwillingness or inability of the State genuinely
  to prosecute
• (c)     The person concerned has already been
  tried for conduct which is the subject of the
  complaint, and a trial by the Court is not
  permitted under article 20(3)

27

• 2. In order to determine unwillingness the
  Court shall consider whether one or more of the
  following exist, as applicable
• (a)     The proceedings were or are being
  undertaken or the national decision was made for
  the purpose of shielding the person concerned
  from criminal responsibility ()
• (b)     There has been an unjustified delay in
  the proceedings . inconsistent with an intent to
  bring the person concerned to justice
• (c)     The proceedings were not or are not being
  conducted independently or impartially, and they
  were or are being conducted in a manner
  inconsistent with an intent to bring the person
  concerned to justice.

28

• 3.         In order to determine inability in a
  particular case, the Court shall consider
  whether, due to a total or substantial collapse
  or unavailability of its national judicial
  system, the State is unable to obtain the accused
  or the necessary evidence and testimony or
  otherwise unable to carry out its proceedings.

29

• Article 53 Initiation of an investigation
• 1.         The Prosecutor shall, having evaluated
  the information made available to him or her,
  initiate an investigation unless he or she
  determines that there is no reasonable basis to
  proceed under this Statute. In deciding whether
  to initiate an investigation, the Prosecutor
  shall consider whether
• (a)     The information available to the
  Prosecutor provides a reasonable basis to believe
  that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court
  has been or is being committed
• (b)     The case is or would be admissible under
  article 17 and
• (c)     Taking into account the gravity of the
  crime and the interests of victims, there are
  nonetheless substantial reasons to believe that
  an investigation would not serve the interests of
  justice.

30

• Forholdet til FNs sikkerhetsråd
• Article 16
• Deferral of investigation or prosecution
•             No investigation or prosecution may
  be commenced or proceeded with under this Statute
  for a period of 12 months after the Security
  Council, in a resolution adopted under Chapter
  VII of the Charter of the United Nations, has
  requested the Court to that effect that request
  may be renewed by the Council under the same
  conditions.

31

• Article 27
• Irrelevance of official capacity
• 1.         This Statute shall apply equally to
  all persons without any distinction based on
  official capacity. In particular, official
  capacity as a Head of State or Government, a
  member of a Government or parliament, an elected
  representative or a government official shall in
  no case exempt a person from criminal
  responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it,
  in and of itself, constitute a ground for
  reduction of sentence.  

32

• Article 98
• Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity
• and consent to surrender
•   1.         The Court may not proceed with a
  request for surrender or assistance which would
  require the requested State to act inconsistently
  with its obligations under international law with
  respect to the State or diplomatic immunity of a
  person or property of a third State, unless the
  Court can first obtain the cooperation of that
  third State for the waiver of the immunity.

33

• Overordnedes ansvar
• Article 28
• Responsibility of commanders and other superiors
•             In addition to other grounds of
  criminal responsibility under this Statute for
  crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court
• (a)     A military commander or person
  effectively acting as a military commander shall
  be criminally responsible for crimes within the
  jurisdiction of the Court committed by forces
  under his or her effective command and control,
  or effective authority and control as the case
  may be, as a result of his or her failure to
  exercise control properly over such forces,
  where

34

• (i)     That military commander or person either
  knew or, owing to the circumstances at the time,
  should have known that the forces were committing
  or about to commit such crimes and
• (ii)     That military commander or person failed
  to take all necessary and reasonable measures
  within his or her power to prevent or repress
  their commission or to submit the matter to the
  competent authorities for investigation and
  prosecution.

35

• (b)     With respect to superior and subordinate
  relationships not described in paragraph (a), a
  superior shall be criminally responsible for
  crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court
  committed by subordinates under his or her
  effective authority and control, as a result of
  his or her failure to exercise control properly
  over such subordinates, where  
• (i)     The superior either knew, or consciously
  disregarded information which clearly indicated,
  that the subordinates were committing or about to
  commit such crimes
• (ii)     The crimes concerned activities that
  were within the effective responsibility and
  control of the superior and
• (iii)     The superior failed to take all
  necessary and reasonable measures within his or
  her power to prevent or repress their commission
  or to submit the matter to the competent
  authorities for investigation/prosecution.

36

• Article 33
• Superior orders and prescription of law
• 1.         The fact that a crime within the
  jurisdiction of the Court has been committed by a
  person pursuant to an order of a Government or of
  a superior, whether military or civilian, shall
  not relieve that person of criminal
  responsibility unless
• (a)     The person was under a legal obligation
  to obey orders of the Government or the superior
  in question
• (b)     The person did not know that the order
  was unlawful and
• (c)     The order was not manifestly unlawful.
• 2.         For the purposes of this article,
  orders to commit genocide or crimes against
  humanity are manifestly unlawful.

37

• Article 34
• Organs of the Court
•             The Court shall be composed of the
  following organs
• (a)     The Presidency
• (b)     An Appeals Division, a Trial Division and
  a Pre-Trial Division
• (c)     The Office of the Prosecutor
• (d)     The Registry.

38

• Regler om statssamarbeid
• Straffeprosess
• Utmåling av straff
• Fullbyrding av straff

39

• ICCs fremtidige rolle
• Uttrykk for et prinsippvalg
• Forholdet til andre løsninger for å oppnå fred
• USAs rolle
• Henvisningen av Darfur (Sudan)
• Andre saker

40

• LYKKE
• TIL!