Organic Chemistry

1
Organic Chemistry

• Chapter 24

2
Organic Chemistry-Nomenclature of CxH2x2

• Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
  are named by using a prefix from the number of
  carbon atoms and a suffix from the number of
  hydrogen atoms.

1 - Methane 6 - Hexane 2 - Ethane 7 - Heptane 3
- Propane 8 - Octane 4 - Butane 9 - Nonane 5
-Pentane
3
Name That Compound

• C4H10
• Butane
• C6H14
• Hexane
• C12H26
• Dodecane

4
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes - single bonds
• ethane
• Alkenes - double bonds
• ethene
• Alkynes - triple bonds
• ethyne (acetylene)

5
Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Extended resonance structures can have
  substantial stability.

6
Aromatic Shorthand
H
H
H

C6H6

H
H
H
7
Naming Hydrocarbons

• Write the condensed structural formula for each
  of the following compounds.

2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene
2-methyl-4-propyl-3-heptene
8
Naming Hydrocarbons

• Write the condensed structural formula for each
  of the following compounds.

2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene
2-methyl-4-propyl-3-heptene
9
Naming Hydrocarbons

• Write the condensed structural formula for each
  of the following compounds.

2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene
2-methyl-4-propyl-3-heptene
10
Functional Groups

• Alcohols
• Organic compounds that contain an OH
  group. CH3OH CH3CH2CH2OH Methanol
  1 - Propanol
• Ethers
• Organic compounds that contain bridging
  oxygens. CH3CH2OCH2CH3
  Diethyl Ether

11
Dehydration

• t- butanol will react with H2SO4 to lose water.

12
Dehydration

• t- butanol will react with H2SO4 to lose water.

C
H
C
H
C
H
3
3
3
2
H
C
C
H
C
H
O
C
H
C
3
3
3
3
H
S
O
2
4
O
H
C
H
C
H
3
3
13
Functional Groups

• Aldehydes and ketones
• Organic groups that contain CO

O
C - CH3
H3C-
Acetone
14
Functional Groups

• Carboxylic acids
• Compounds that contain a carboxylate group (a
  ketone and an alcohol on the same carbon).

O
R-C-OH
15
Functional Groups

• Esters
• Compounds that contain carboxylic acids with an R
  group in place of the proton.

O
R - C - O - R
16
Functional Groups

• Amines
• NR3 groups where R can be H or another organic
  group.
• Amides
• NR3 groups where at least one R is bound through
  a ketone linkage

R N H
H
O
R C N H
H
17
Name the Functional Group

• Name the functional group in each of the
  following compounds.

18
Name the Functional Group

• Name the functional group in each of the
  following compounds.

alkene
19
Name the Functional Group

• Name the functional group in each of the
  following compounds.

alkene
carboxylic acid
20
Name the Functional Group

• Name the functional group in each of the
  following compounds.

alkene
carboxylic acid
alcohol
21
Name the Functional Group

• Name the functional group in each of the
  following compounds.

alkene
carboxylic acid
alcohol
ketone
22
Polymerizations

• The idea of polymerization involves repeating the
  same reaction over and over on a single molecule.

A A gt AA A gt AAA A gt AAAA
A is the monomer.
The repeat unit is -A-.
23
Polypropylene An Addition Reaction

• Double bonds can be forced to open up to form
  polymers.

24
Organic Radicals

• Radicals are species with an unpaired electron
  where a substituent would usually be.

heat or light
(C6H5COO)2 2 C6H5COO.
Benzoyl Peroxide
25
Nylon a Condensation Reaction
26
Nylon a Condensation Reaction
O
O
H
N
(
C
H
)
N
H

H
O
C
(
C
H
)
C
O
H
2
2
6
2
2
4
Hexamethylene diamine
Adipic Acid
O
O
H
N
(
C
H
)
N
C
(
C
H
)
C
O
H
2
2
6
2
4
H
27
Polymer Repeat Unit for Nylon?
O
O
H
N
(
C
H
)
N
C
(
C
H
)
C
O
2
6
2
4
n
H
28
Polymeric Properties

• Physical properties of polymers are perhaps the
  most important of all.
• Hard vs. soft
• Brittle vs. flexible
• Transparency
• Conductivity