The Biosphere

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The Biosphere

• Chapter 47

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OGT Science Indicators

• Summarize the relationships between the climatic
  zone and the resultant biome
• Describe ways that human activity can alter
  biogeochemical cycles as well as food webs and
  energy pyramids
• Describe how matter cycles and energy flows
  through different levels of organization in
  living systems and between living systems and the
  physical environment food webs and energy
  pyramids

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47-1 Earth A Living Planet

• Objectives
• Define ecology, biosphere, and ecosystem
• Describe the process of ecological succession

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47-1 Earth A Living Planet

• Ecology study of the interactions of organisms
  with one another and with their physical
  surroundings
• Biosphere part of the Earth in which life exists

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Ecosystems- smaller units of biosphere

• Abiotic Factors non-living

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• Biotic factors - living

Community organisms living together in an
ecosystem
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• Ecosystems change over time because every
  organism affects environmental conditions around
  it
• Ecological succession an existing community of
  organisms is replaced by a different community
  over time
• Ex natural disasters, human activities
  (abandoned farm land)
• Pioneer species organisms that colonize areas
  lacking life
• Climax community characterizes the type of
  ecosystem
• Ex temperate zone beech-maple forest
• S. Pacific coral reef

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• Ecological succession
• new volcanic island no life
• - newly cooled rock is weathered
• lichens pioneer species break rock
  into thin soil
• mosses further change soil
• plants each new species changes the
  environment
• Etc.

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47-2 Land Biomes

• Objectives
• Explain how biomes are classified
• Describe the characteristics of each land biome

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47-2 Land Biomes

• Biome areas similar in climate and physical
  factors and has a characteristic climax community
• 2 types
• 1. Land biomes
• 2. Aquatic biomes
• Land biomes named for their climax community or
  dominant type of plant life

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Tundra

• Permafrost layer of permanently frozen subsoil
• Northern N. America, Asia, Europe
• Nearly treeless mosses, lichens, grasses
• Caribou, wolves, foxes, reindeer, migratory birds
• Northernmost land biome

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Taiga

• Cold winters, mild summers
• N. America Washington, Oregon, Asia, Norway,
  Sweden
• Cone-bearing forests
• Black grizzly bears, wolves, moose, elk,
  wintering migratory birds
• Rivers, lakes, ponds, bogs

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

• Cold winters, changing seasons leaf fall
• Eastern U.S., SE coast of Canada, Europe
• Deciduous trees beech, maple, oak
• Deer, moose, squirrel, raccoon, gray fox,
  wintering migratory birds

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Grasslands

• 2 types
• 1. Prairies hot summers, cold winters most
  rain in one season
• - plains of U.S. and Russia
• - grasses small leafy plants
• - prairie dogs, buffalo, elk, fowl

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• 2. Savannas hot little temperature change
• - S. Africa
• - grasses, dotted with trees
• - gazelle, lion, elephant, zebra, wildebeest
• Grazing of large animals and frequent fires
  prevent ecological succession on grasslands

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Tropical Rainforests

• Warm temperature and rainfall year-round
• S. America, SE Asia, central Africa, central
  America
• Tall, dense trees - other plants grow on surface
  of trees
• Reptiles, small mammals, amphibians
• More plants animals than found in all rest of
  the world!

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Deserts

• Hot and dry, very little rainfall
• N. Africa, Southwest U.S., Middle East
• Sagebrush, cactus
• Lizards, birds, snakes, insects, scorpions
• Barren landscape

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Cold deserts

• Cold, brief rainy season
• High altitude mountains plateaus, Antarctica
• Grass shrubs
• Mountain goat

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47-3 Aquatic Biomes

• Objectives
• List some abiotic factors that affect aquatic
  biomes
• Describe three aquatic biomes

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47-3 Aquatic Biomes

• Support more organisms than land biomes
• Abiotic factors
• 1. Light intensity
• 2. Amount CO2 O2 dissolved in water
• 3. Availability of organic inorganic nutrients

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Freshwater biome

• Rivers, lakes, streams
• Tiny floating plants animals, fish, amphibians,
  reptiles, mammals

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Estuaries

• At boundary between fresh salt water
• Salt marshes, mangrove swamps, lagoons, mouths of
  rivers that empty into the ocean, coastal
  waterways
• Aquatic plants, fish, shrimp, crabs, birds

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Marine biomes

• Ocean divided into zones
• Photic zone uppermost region of a marine biome
  where photosynthesis can take place because of
  sunlight penetration

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1. Intertidal zone

• Area where tide flows in and out covered with
  water part of day, exposed to air sunlight part
  of day
• Animals adapted to radical change in surroundings
  and pounding, surging waves
• Clams, snails, seaweed, barnacles, starfish, sea
  urchins

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2. Neritic zone

• Low tide line to edge of open sea
• Large algae, turtle grass, fish, turtles,
  lobsters, crab, rays

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3. Open-sea zone

• Nutrients scarce limits of animals that can
  live there
• Phytoplankton - responsible for 80-90 of Earths
  photosynthetic activity
• Fish, dolphin, whales, sea birds

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4. Deep-sea zone

• High pressure, cold temp., total darkness
• Home to strangest creatures
• Giant squid, zooplankton, sea cucumbers, tube
  worms

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47-4 Energy Nutrients

• Objectives
• Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem
• Discuss how water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen
  are recycled in the environment
• Define limiting factor
• Describe a food chain and a food web

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47-4 Energy Nutrients

• Energy cannot be recycled referred to flow
  rather than cycle
• Nutrients are recycled through an ecosystem
• Sun source of energy for all living things

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• Green plants form carbohydrates make their own
  foods from inorganic substances producers
• Consumers animals get energy from producers
• Primary consumers herbivores eat
  plants/producers
• Secondary consumers feed on primary
• tertiary quaternary
• - secondary and higher usually carnivores (meat
  eaters)

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• Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun to
  producers and to consumers
• plants insect
• producer primary consumer
• snake frog
• tertiary consumer secondary consumer

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• Decomposers organisms that obtain energy from
  non-living organic matter
• - bacteria, fungi

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Trophic levels

• Show movement of energy in each step in the
  series of organisms eating other organisms
• Less energy available to consumer at each higher
  level
• Energy obtained is used to maintain organisms
  metabolism power daily activities
• 10 of the energy at one level can be used by the
  next level

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Ecological pyramids

• Represent the energy relationships among trophic
  levels

Secondary carnivore
Primary carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
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Food webs

• Animals plants tied together in networks of
  feeding relationships have many overlapping
  relationships
• Food chain simplest feeding relationship

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Nutrient cycles

• Nutrients are recycled
• All organisms require essential nutrients
• Organisms acquire nutrients and energy from the
  trophic level below them
• Biogeochemical cycles physical biological
  processes that move nutrients through the
  biosphere

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Water cycle

• Movement of water from atmosphere to Earth back
  to atmosphere
• Evaporation water molecules into the air
• Molecules condense as clouds precipitation
• Groundwater pockets of water underground

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Nitrogen cycle

• Necessary to build proteins
• Gas in atmosphere
• Most nitrogen cannot be used directly must be
  converted
• Nitrogen fixation bacteria on plant roots
  convert nitrogen gas into forms usable by living
  things
• Denitrification other bacteria break nitrogen
  compounds back into nitrogen gas

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Carbon cycle

• Photosynthesis green plants algae use CO2 to
  form glucose
• Consumers decomposers use glucose in
  respiration and produce CO2 atmosphere

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Oxygen cycle

• Photosynthesis H2O molecules split releasing O2
  into air
• O2 used for respiration, H2O released
• H2O absorbed by plants

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Limiting factor

• If a nutrient is in short supply, it can limit an
  organisms growth

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• If too much nitrogen is added to a water
  ecosystem, it can cause an algal bloom that may
  cover the surface of the water
• By covering the water, oxygen cant enter water
  organisms in water suffocate dead water

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• 47-1 Earth A Living Planet
• Objectives
• Define ecology, biosphere, and ecosystem
• Describe the process of ecological succession

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• 47-2 Land Biomes
• Objectives
• Explain how biomes are classified
• Describe the characteristics of each land biome

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• 47-3 Aquatic Biomes
• Objectives
• List some abiotic factors that affect aquatic
  biomes
• Describe three aquatic biomes

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• 47-4 Energy Nutrients
• Objectives
• Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem
• Discuss how water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen
  are recycled in the environment
• Define limiting factor
• Describe a food chain and a food web