The Biosphere

1
Chapter 3

• The Biosphere

2
Ch. 3-The Biosphere Section 1-What is Ecology?

• 31 What Is Ecology?
• A. Interactions and Interdependence
• Ecology is the scientific study of interactions
  among and between organisms and their
  environment.
• Interactions within the biosphere produce a web
  of inter-dependence between organisms and the
  environment in which they live.

3
Ch. 3-The Biosphere Section 1-What is Ecology?

• B. Levels of Organization
• Click to see chart
• C. Ecological Methods
• Click to see Chart

4
Click here to return to outline
5
(No Transcript)
6
Energy flows in one direction through an
ecosystem, from the sun or inorganic compounds to
producers (autotrophs) through various levels to
consumers (heterotrophs). Your body gets the
energy and materials it needs for growth and
repair from the foods you eat.
7
Energy Flow
Sun
TO
To
Consumers
Producers
8
32 Energy Flow A. Producers 1. Energy From the
Sun a. photosynthetic autotrophs 2. Life
Without Light a. chemosynthetic autotrophs
i. nitrification bacteria ii.
Hydrogen sulfide digesters iii. Iron
digesters
9
B. Consumers 1. Heterotrophs-not all
heterotrophs are animals. Fungi some protists
and some bacteria are also heterotrophs.
10
C. Feeding Relationships1. Food Chains2. Food
Webs3. Trophic Levels
11
Energy Flow in a food chain-rule of Ten-only 10
of the energy in one level is available to the
next level
Sun 100
TO
To
Click to return to outline
Consumers 1
Producers 10
12
Food web-Example 1
13
Food web-Example 2
14
Food web-Example 3
Click to return to outline
15
Each feeding level is called a TROPHIC LEVEL.
Consumer 1 is the PRIMARY consumer. Consumer 2 is
the SECONDARY consumer. Consumer 3 is the
TERTIARY consumer.
16
Another look at Trophic levels.
17
D. Ecological Pyramids 1. Energy Pyramid 2.
Numbers Pyramid 3. Pyramid of biomass
18
Click here to return to outline
19
Click here to return to outline
A pyramid of Numbers shows the relative number of
individuals at each level. The top pyramid shows
that there are more lettuce plants than any other
level. What explaination can you give for the
shape of the 2nd pyramid?
20
(No Transcript)
21

• 33 Cycles of Matter
• Recycling in the Biosphere
• Without materials being recycled and reused
  millions of times, the earth would rapidly run
  out of everything.
• Mother nature is the original recycling center.

22
B. The Water Cycle
Fill in the missing labels.
23
C. Nutrient Cycles 1. The Carbon Cycle
What goes here?
24
What is missing from the brown boxes?
2. The Nitrogen Cycle
25
3. The Phosphorus Cycle-optional D. Nutrient
Limitation-the availability or lack of a nutrient
or necessary substance will limit growth,
reproduction and life span. E. Limiting primary
productivity-Farmers fertilize their fields
because the lack of nitrogen, phosphorus or
potassium will stunt their crops.