The Biosphere

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The Biosphere
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Vocabulary
Food Chain Food Web Trophic Level Ecological
Pyramid Biogeochemical Cycles Evaporation Transpir
ation Nitrogen Fixation Denitrification Water
Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle

• Ecology
• Biosphere
• Species
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Producer
• Consumer
• Autotroph
• Heterotroph
• Decomposer

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Learning Target

• I can compare and contrast the different levels
  of organization in ecology

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What is Ecology?

• It is the study of the interactions between
  organisms and their environment
• The interaction between the biotic and abiotic
  factors

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Abiotic Factors

• The environments nonliving componentsphysical
  and chemical components that shape the environment

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Abiotic Factors

• Energy source
• Temperature
• Water
• Nutrient Availability

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Energy Source

• Without a constant source of energy, living
  things die!!
• What is the primary source of energy for living
  things on Earth?

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You Are Correct! Its the SUN
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Temperature

• Directly affects metabolism
• All living organisms have a range of temperature
  in which they best operate
• At or below 0oC and above 45oC will destroy the
  enzymes of most organisms.

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Water

• Is essential for all life.
• Critical for most metabolic chemical reactions
• Helps maintain body temperature
• Helps prevent dehydration

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Nutrient Availability

• Nutrients are all the chemical substances an
  organism needs to sustain its life.

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Biotic Factors

• All of the living organisms in an area

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Ecology Levels Of Organization
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What is the Biosphere?

• It is the areas on Earth where life is found
• It includes any place on land, in the water or in
  the atmosphere where organisms live

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Where are living organisms found in the biosphere?

• Living organisms are found from about 8 km above
  the Earth to about 11 km deep in the ocean

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Ecosystem

• All the abiotic factors and biotic factors found
  in a certain place at any time.

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Community

• All the organisms living in a specific area at a
  specific time

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Population

• A group of individuals of the same species living
  in the same area at the same time

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Species

• A group of organisms so similar that they can
  breed and produce fertile offspring

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Learning Target

• I can compare and contrast the different levels
  of organization in ecology.

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Learning Target

• I can discuss the flow of energy through an
  ecosystem.
• I can create and discuss a food web.

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Energy Flow

• The sun is the main source of energy for life on
  earth.
• lt 1 of all sunlight that reaches earth is used
  by living organisms.
• What happens to the rest?

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• Most is reflected off as heat energy.

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Producers or Autotrophs

• Use sunlight or chemicals to make their own
  food.
• Examples

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Photosynthesis

• 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2
• Performed on land by plants and in water by algae.

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Can organisms make their own food without the aid
of sunlight?

• Chemosynthesis using chemical energy to make
  carbohydrates.
• Usually performed bacteria found in harsh
  environments
• Ocean vents, volcanoes, hot-acidic environments

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Consumers or heterotrophs Must get their energy
by eating other organisms

• Herbivores Omnivores
• Decomposers
• Carnivores Detritivores

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Food Chains
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Food Webs

• More complex than food chains
• A complex net of interactions among organisms.
  (interdependence)

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Trophic Levels

• Each location or step in a food chain or food web
  represents a trophic level.
• Examples producers, primary consumers, secondary
  consumers, etc.

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Ecological pyramids

• Only about ten percent of the energy available
  within a trophic level is transferred to
  oragnisms at the next higher level.

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Pyramid of Numbers
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Biomass Pyramids

• Biomass and numbers

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Learning Targets

• I can discuss the flow of energy through an
  ecosystem.
• I can create and discuss a food web.

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Learning Targets

• I can differentiate between the biogeochemical
  cycles.

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Cycles of matter

• Unlike energy, matter is constantly being
  recycled in an ecosystem.
• Known as biogeochemical cycles

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Transpiration

• The release of water from
• the leaves of plants.
• Water is exchanged through
• a plants stomata.
• Evaporation is the second
• process that releases water
• into the atmosphere.

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Carbon Cycle

1. Biological processes (photosynthesis,
   respiration, decomposition)
2. Geochemical processes (volcanoes)
3. Biogeochemical (fossil fuels)
4. Human activity (factories, deforestation, car
   exhaust)

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Nitrogen Cycle

• All organisms need nitrogen to live.
• Most abundant gas in atmosphere (80)
• Nitrogen gas is unusable for plants
• Must be fixed or changed into the nitrate or
  nitrite form by bacteria in the soil. Known as
  nitrogen fixation

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Phosphorus cycle

• P is important in the production of DNA and RNA.
• Unlike water,oxygen, and nitrogen, phosphorus is
  NOT found in the atmosphere. Found in rocks and
  minerals.

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Nutrient Limitation

• When a single nutrient is scarce for a particular
  ecosystem and limits the growth of organisms in
  that ecosystem.

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Learning Targets

• I can differentiate between the biogeochemical
  cycles.