Tendencias internacionales en la evaluacin de la sostenibilidad

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Tendencias internacionales en la evaluación de la
sostenibilidad
J. Marcos Castro Departamento de Estadística y
Econometría. Universidad de Málaga
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Presentation

• Definition
• Background
• A taxonomy of Sustainability Indicators
• Trends in Sustainability Indicators
• Topics in Sustainable Indexing

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Background

• Classical issue in social sciences
• Warning signals from local to global scale
• Ecological climatic change, water scarcity,
  biodiversity losses and environmental
  degradation.
• Socioeconomic poverty, underdevelopment, low RD
  investment, inequity in welfare and poor quality
  of life.
• Signals not captured efficiently by macroeconomic
  measures (GNP, inflation, employ) others
  regional and local ones. WE NEED NEW MEASURES

MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT
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Background
RESPONSES
Account Approach
Welfare/Utility Approach
Social Indicators Approach
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Green GNP
Satellite accounts (NAMEA)
Ecological Human needs
Ecological Footprint
Contingent Valuation
Material Flow Accounts
Travel-Cost method
Energy Accounts
SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
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Definition

• A sustainable system is one which survives or
  persists. But there are three additional
  complicating questions
• (1) What system or subsystems or characteristics
  of systems persist, or do we want to persist?
• (2) For how long?
• (3) When do we assess whether the system or
  subsystem or characteristic has persisted?

From Costanza, R. and B. C. Patten. 1995.
Defining and predicting sustainability.
Ecological Economics 15193-196
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Empty World" Model of the Economy
Individual
Property rights
Utility/welfare
Private
Public
Consumption
(based on fixed
Manufactured
Building
preferences)
capital
Goods
Cultural
Norms and
Economic
GNP
Perfect Substitutability
and
Education, Training,
Labor
Policy
Research
Process
Services
Between Factors
Investment
Improvement
Land
(decisions about, taxes
government spending,
education,
science and
technology
policy, etc., based
on existing property
rights regimes)
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Full World Model of the Ecological Economic
System
positive impacts on human capital capacity
Well Being
being, doing, relating
(Individual and
having, being
Ecological
Community)
Complex property
services/
doing, relating
rights regimes
amenities
- having,
Individual
Public
Common
having
- being
Consumption
(based on changing,
Solar
adapting
Wastes
Energy
preferences)
Restoration,
Natural Capital
Conservation
Evolving
Goods
Education, training,
Human Capital
Cultural
Economic
GNP
Between Capital Forms
and
Norms and
Limited Substitutability
research.
Production
Services
Policy
Institutional
Process
SocialCapital
rules, norms, etc.
Investment
(decisions about, taxes
Manufactured
Building
community spending,
Capital
education, science and
technology policy, etc., based
negative impacts on all forms of capital
on complex property
rights regimes)
Materially closed earth system
Waste heat
From Costanza, R., J. C. Cumberland, H. E. Daly,
R. Goodland, and R. Norgaard. 1997. An
Introduction to Ecological Economics. St. Lucie
Press, Boca Raton, 275 pp.
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From Costanza, R., S. Farber, B. Castaneda and
M. Grasso. 2001. Green national accounting goals
and methods. Pp. 262-282 in Cleveland, C. J., D.
I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds.) The economics of
nature and the nature of economics. Edward Elgar
Publishing, Cheltenham, England
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ISEW (or GPI) by Column
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Ecosystem services are the benefits humans derive
from ecosystem functioning
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GUMBO (Global Unified Model of the BiOsphere)
From Boumans, R., R. Costanza, J. Farley, M. A.
Wilson, R. Portela, J. Rotmans, F. Villa, and M.
Grasso. 2002. Modeling the Dynamics of the
Integrated Earth System and the Value of Global
Ecosystem Services Using the GUMBO Model.
Ecological Economics 41 529-560
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• Global Unified Metamodel of the BiOsphere (GUMBO)
• was developed to simulate the integrated earth
  system and assess the dynamics and values of
  ecosystem services.
• is a metamodel in that it represents a
  synthesis and a simplification of several
  existing dynamic global models in both the
  natural and social sciences at an intermediate
  level of complexity.
• the current version of the model contains 234
  state variables, 930 variables total, and 1715
  parameters.
• is the first global model to include the dynamic
  feedbacks among human technology, economic
  production and welfare, and ecosystem goods and
  services within the dynamic earth system.
• includes modules to simulate carbon, water, and
  nutrient fluxes through the Atmosphere,
  Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere of the
  global system. Social and economic dynamics are
  simulated within the Anthroposphere.
• links these five spheres across eleven biomes,
  which together encompass the entire surface of
  the planet.
• simulates the dynamics of eleven major ecosystem
  goods and services for each of the biomes

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Millennial
Centennial
Decadal
Integrated History and future Of People on Earth
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Work in Progress Valuation of New Jerseys
Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services Contract
SR04-075 New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection
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The Everglades Landscape Model (ELM v2.1)
http//www.sfwmd.gov/org/erd/esr/ELM.html
The ELM is a regional scale ecological model
designed to predict the
landscape response to different water management
scenarios in
south Florida, USA. The ELM simulates changes to
the hydrology,
soil water nutrients, periphyton biomass
community type, and
vegetation biomass community type in the
Everglades region.
Current Developer
s
South Florida Water Management Distric
t
H. Carl Fitz
Fred H. Sklar
Yegang Wu
Charles Cornwell
Tim Waring
Recent Collaborator
s
University of Maryland, Institute for Ecological
Economic
s
Alexey A. Voinov
Robert Costanza
Tom Maxwell
Florida Atlantic Universit
y
Matthew Evett

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The Patuxent and Gwynns Falls Watershed Model
s
(PLM and GFLM)
http//www.uvm.edu/giee/PLM
This project is aimed at developing integrated
knowledge and new
tools to enhance predictive understanding of
watershed ecosystems
(including processes and mechanisms that govern
the interconnect
-
ed dynamics of water, nutrients, toxins, and
biotic components) and
their linkage to human factors affecting water
and watersheds. The
goal is effective management at the watershed
scale.
Participants Include
Robert Costanza
Roelof Boumans
Walter Boynton
Thomas Maxwell
Steve Seagle
Ferdinando Villa
Alexey Voinov
Helena Voinov
Lisa Wainger

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European Union

• EEA. Core set of indicators (CSI)
• European policies
• 11 topics. 1 level. 37 indicators.
• European Commission. EUROSTAT. List of
  sustainable development indicators
• European SD strategy
• 10 themes. 3 levels. 155 indicators.

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Taxonomy

• Definition of Sustainability Indicator (SI) many
  as SD definitions and approaches.
• Used everywhere since the Agenda 21(1992).
• SI as a measure/assessment of
• The state of the environment (QUANTITY QUALITY
  MEASURE)
• The quality of life (WELL-BEING MEASURE)
• The durability of the actual path. (DURABILITY
  MEASURE)
• The impact of activities/settlements/firms in the
  above (A21, Social Corporative Responsibility)

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Taxonomy

• Types of Sustainability Indicators (Examples)
• Single/Set/System of indicators (EEA signals/PSR
  framework/Models)
• Composite indicator or index (ISEW, GPI, ESI)
• Monetary terms (Green GNP)
• physical/energetic terms (EF/EXERGY)
• Stock (EF)
• Flow terms (MFA)
• One Dimensional SI (just the ecological one)
• Comprehensive SI (social/ecological/economic
  dimensions)

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Trends

• Heterogeneity and spread of methodologies
• Rise of physical indicators of sustainability
• Rise of composite indicators
• Preference for the predefinition of key aspects
  or strategic areas to indicate.
• Disuse of PSR framework (OCDE).
• Use of a relative or comparative approach.
• Global/National level Ecological Footprint and
  key sets of indicators (climatic change).
• Regional level key sets of indicators (UE). MFA.
• Urban sphere Quality and way of life indicators.
  Best Practices as indicators.

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