Applying Population Ecology:

1
Chapter 7

• Applying Population Ecology
• The Human Population

2
Is the World Overpopulated?
Lets see what the RAND Corporation has to
say
http//www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1114/
MR1114.chap4.html
http//www.goalsforamericans.org/gallery/d/281-6/O
verpopulation.jpg
3
History of Human Population
4
US Population Growth
5
Human Population History

• Humans developed and moved into other species
  habitat
• Modern agriculture has provided more food per
  area of land to be produced
• Manage to put off reaching the limits of disease,
  food, water and energy at this time
• The question is - How long can we put it off?

6
Population Change

• Population change depends on
• Birth
• Death
• Migration
• Population change (Birth Immigration)
  (Death Emigration)

http//pinkdome.com/archives/overpopulation1.jpg
7
Annual Birth Rate

• Annual Birth Rate of natural pop.
• Birth rate Death rate x 100
• 1,000 people
• or more simply stated
• Annual B.R. (B.R. D.R.)/10

8
Fertility Rate

• Replacement-level fertility of children a
  couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1-2.5)
• Total fertility rate (TFR) average of
  children a woman will have during her
  reproductive years
• This has dropped in the last 50 years from
  2.5-6.5 to 1.6-3.0
• US 76 million in 1900 to 296 million in 2005
• Projected US Census Bureau as 457 million in 2050
  571 million in 2100.

9
Affecting Birth/Fertility Rates

• Cost of raising children
• Cost of educating children
• Infant mortality
• Contraceptives and abortion
• Urbanization
• Educational employment opportunities for women
• Religious beliefs

10
Affecting Death Rates

• Death rate has declined because
• Increased food supply
• Better nutrition
• Advances in medicine
• Improved sanitation
• Life expectancy average of years a baby is
  expected to live (see fig 7-5 on pg 132)
• Infant mortality rate babies die before their
  first birthday/1000 babies born

11
Quality of Life

• Infant mortality is the best single measure of a
  societys quality of life is caused by
• Inadequate health care
• Malnutrition
• Insufficient quality of food
• Under nutrition
• Insufficient quantity of food
• High incidence of infectious disease
• Poor water quality

12
Hunger and Poverty
13
Some Statistics

• Average lifespan of the world is 65
• Afghanistan has the highest population growth
  4.92
• United States population growth 0.92
• Immigration new arrival in 2003 358,411
• There are more than 293 million people in the
  United States

14
Some Statistics

• Average lifespan in the world is 65
• Average lifespan in Japan is 81.5
• Average lifespan in the United States is 77
• Population Density in the United States is 60
  million people 250,000 square kilometers

15
Influencing Population Size

• Migration
• Reduce birth rate
• Define optimum sustainable population
• Define the Earths carrying capacity
• Influence of economic development on B.R.
• Family planning influences improvements
• Economic rewards penalties

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Reducing Global Population Growth

• Health care improvements services
• Reproductive health care involve males in
  family planning
• Implement national population policies
• Provide educational economic opportunities
  particularly to females
• Eradicate poverty establish sustainable
  patterns of life

18
Bioinformatics

• The storing of important biological data and the
  interpretation of that information
• Celera (Human Genome Project) www.celera.com
• Human genome project

19
Urban Rural Growth

• Urbanization patterns
• Increase urban population
• Migration from rural to urban areas
• Growth of megacities/megalopolis
• More urbanization, more poverty
• Urban growth problems
• Poverty
• Pollution
• Aging infrastructure
• Urban sprawl

20
Heat Islands
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Urban Areas Environmental Problems

• Use many resources in a concentrated area
• Produce large amounts of waste
• Urban sprawl causes habitat destruction
• Compromised water supplies
• Very little greenspace
• Infectious diseases
• Concentrated pollution
• Heat islands crowded populations

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Urbanization Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (ASTER)
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Sustainable Development