Chapter 11 Applying Ecology in the Environment

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Chapter 11Applying Ecology in the Environment

• Objectives
• Explain the role of ecology in the environment
• Describe community organization, structure, and
  food chains
• Explain homeostasis
• Identify population ecology and survival factors
• Identify and distinguish between ecosystems

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Terms
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Ecosphere

• The ecosphere is where living things are found on
  the earth
• Both living and nonliving things are a part of
  the ecosphere

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Biosphere

• The area of the earth that supports life is
  biosphere
• The biosphere focuses on living organisms and
  what they need to live

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Ecosystem Factors

• Ecosystem have two kinds of factors biotic and
  abiotic
• Biotic factors are the living things in an
  ecosystem
• Abiotic factors are the nonliving things in an
  ecosystem

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Communities

• A community is a collection pf plants and animal
  that live together in a certain harmony
• Land communities are terrestrial communities
• Communities of species that live in water are
  aquatic communities
• Some communities may be controlled by one or, at
  most, a few dominant species

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Community Organization and Structure

• Habitat and niche
• Habitat
• Niche
• Vertical and horizontal structures
• Vertical
• Horizontal

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Living Relationship in the Ecosystem

• Feeding relationship
• Feeding group
• Herbivore
• Carnivore
• Omnivore
• Living and nonliving feeders
• Biophage
• Saprophage
• Major food chain
• Grazing food chain
• Detritus food chain
• Major feeding relationship
• Host-parasite relationship
• Predator-pray relationship
• Nonfeeding relationship
• Mutually supportive relationship
• Competitive relationship
• Antibiotic relationship
• Deprivation

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Biomass

• Biomass is the weight of living organisms in an
  area
• Thick forests, or water with many fish and
  plankton, have a high biomass
• Deserts with few plants and animals have a small
  biomass

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Natural Selection

• Natural selection is when the life forms best
  adapted to their environment survive longer and
  leave more offspring

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Adaptation

• Adaptation occurs when species can tolerate new
  climates or changes in environment
• From one generation to the next, the stronger
  species survive and the less fit die off

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Succession

• The replacement of one community by another is
  succession
• Primary succession takes place on bare rock or
  land never before occupied by living organisms
• Secondary succession is when organisms grow on
  land that has previously supported life
• Aquatic succession, the living organisms in water
  change and develop

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The Sequence of Succession
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Secondary Succession
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Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the process by which an organism
  maintains a fairly constant internal environment
  when the external environment changes
• Adjust in a varying environment
• Periodicity
• Daily periodicity
• Seasonal periodicity

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Thermal Adaptations

• A homeotherm is an animal that maintains near
  constant internal body temperature regardless of
  the temperature of its environment, their bodies
  adjust to the external environment to maintain
  this temperature
• A poikilotherm has a body temperature that is
  more or less in equilibrium with its environment,
  their body temperature varies with the
  environment

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Population Ecology

• Population ecology is the study of how
  populations of plants and animals affect each
  other in a community
• Population ecology includes three areas
• Density is a measure of how crowded organisms are
  in a community
• Age, the population in most communities is
  characterized by a certain age
• Distribution describes how organisms are
  distributed over the space used by a community

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Population Growth

• Natality is the production of new individuals in
  a population, natality is more likely to occur in
  greatest number when the population is in the
  reproductive age
• Mortality is the death rate in a population
• Immigration (moving into a habitat) and
  emigration (moving out of a habitat)

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Competition

• Competition is when species share the same
  resource to live
• When the supply of resources is inadequate for
  the population, the organisms may have stunted
  growth and delayed reproduction
• Predation

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Biomes

• A biome is a distinctive combination of plants
  and animals
• Terrestrial biomes
• Tropical forests
• Temperature forests
• Grassland and savannas
• Tundra and teiga
• Desert
• Aquatic biomes
• Lakes and ponds
• Streams
• Oceans
• Wetlands and estuaries

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Tests

• What is an ecosystem? What kinds of factors are
  found in an ecosystem?
• What is a community? How do communities vary?
• What is natural selection? Why is it important?
• Explain the process of succession
• Distinguish between the two major thermal
  adaptations of organisms
• What are the major population attributes? How are
  they related to population growth?
• What is a biome? What are the major biomes?