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STANDARDS OF HIGH CULTURE UNDER UPWARD MOBILITY
AND OUTMARRIAGE
WOUT ULTEE NAN-DIRK DE GRAAF RADBOUD
UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN EQUALSOC BARCELONA SEPTEMBER
22-23, 2006
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QUESTION 1 IS THERE FOR THE NETHERLANDS FROM
1974, 1983, 1993, 1998, 2000 TO 2003 AN UPWARD
TREND IN ATTENDANCE OF CLASSICAL CONCERTS AND
VISITING MUSEUMS? QUESTION 2 DOES IN EVERY YEAR
MORE EDUCATION MAKE FOR HIGHER CHANCES OF
ATTENDANCE AND VISITING? QUESTION 3 IF THERE
IS NO UNIFORM UPWARD TREND, DID THE CHANCES OF
ATTENDANCE AND VISITING DECLINE FOR THE HIGHEST
LEVEL OF EDUCATION?
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QUESTION 4 AND IF SO, DID THE CHANCES OF
ATTENDANCE AND VISITING ALSO DROP FOR THOSE WITH
THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND A FATHER AND SPOUSE
WITH THAT EDUCATION? QUESTION 5 AND IF SO, DID
THIS DECLINE COVARY WITH THE PERCENT OF THE
PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION MARRIED TO A
PERSON WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND BORN TO A
FATHER WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION?
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QUESTION 6 AND WHEN ACCOUNTING FOR A PERSONS
ATTENDANCE AND VISITING, DID THE WEIGHT OF THIS
PERSONS EDUCATION INCREASE RELATIVE TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE EDUCATION OF THIS PERSONS SPOUSE
AND FATHER?
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A HARD-NOSED EXERCISE IN QUANTITATIVE SOCIOLOGY?
YES, BUT MY THEORY IS A MIRROR-IMAGE OF A
GENERAL THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES IN VARIOUS
FORMS OF ART AND ELITIST ACTION THIS THEORY WAS
PROPOSED BY ELIAS, GOMBRICH AND BOURDIEU WITH THE
THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES AS AN ALTERNATIVE
TO KANTS THEORY OF PURE AESTHETICS, AND WITH
THE THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES AVOIDING THE
OBJECTION OF SOCIAL ARBITRARINESS
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IF SOMETHING IS NOT EITHER UGLY/KITSCH OR
BEAUTIFUL/ART, BUT IF THERE IS AN UNDERLYING
CONTINUOUS YET PURE SCALE, THEN INHERENT
PROCESSES OF IMPROVEMENT PROPELLED BY
COMPETITION IN CLOSED SOCIETIES MAKE FOR
UPWARDLY CHANGING CUT-OFF POINTS AND IN OPEN
SOCIETIES FOR DOWNWARDLY CHANGING CUT-OFF POINTS
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ACCORDING TO ELIAS, COMPETITION BETWEEN THE
BOURGEOISIE AND THE NOBILITY IN ABSOLUTIST FRANCE
MADE FOR MORE AND MORE ELABORATE RULES OF
CIVILIZED BEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO GOMBRICH, THE
COMPETITION BETWEEN CITIES IN MEDIEVAL FRANCE
MADE FOR HIGHER AND HIGHER VAULTS IN CATHEDRALS
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OTHER CASES FROM ARCHITECTURE THE ROMAN PANTHEON
AND THE DOME OF FLORENCE MOSQUES WITH HIGHER AND
HIGHER DOMES IN ISTANBUL AFTER THE FALL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE ESCORIAL, VERSAILLES, SCHOENBRUNN
LARGER ROYAL PALACES WITH LARGER GARDENS THE
GRAND TRAVAUX OF THE PRENCH POST-WORLD-WAR-TWO
PRESIDENTS SINCE THE CENTRE POMPIDOU
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COMPETITION BETWEEN THE ABSOLUTIST RULERS OF THE
18 TH CENTURY GERMAN STATES NOT ONLY LARGER
PALACES, BUT ALSO BIGGER COLLECTIONS OF PICTURES
AND LARGER ORCHESTRAS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
BIEDERMEIDER ERA AND THE KAISERREICH FROZEN
INTO BILDUNGSBUERGERTUM
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THE NETHERLANDS AS A MARITIME REPUBLIC WITH
AMSTERDAM AS COMMERCIAL CENTER REMAINED OUTSIDE
THIS COMPETITION, BUT COMPETITION BETWEEN
PAINTERS IN A PROTESTANT COUNTRY FOR THE FAVORS
OF THE SMALL BOURGEOISIE LED TO VARIOUS GENRES
IN PAINTING, AMONG THEM STILL LIFES THE
NETHERLANDS DID NOT HAVE COURT CULTURE, SINCE IT
AS A REPUBLIC DID NOT HAVE MUCH OF A COURT
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THE DUTCH REPUBLIC DID HAVE A STADTHOLDER WITH
ROYAL ASPIRATIONS, AND STADTHOLDER WILLIAM V, WHO
WAS MARRIED TO A PRINCESS FROM PRUSSIA, IN 1774
OPENED IN THE HAGUE, THE POLITICAL CENTER OF THE
DUTCH REPUBLIC, TO THE PUBLIC HIS COLLECTION OF
PAINTINGS THE FRENCH IN 1795 TOOK THAT COLLECTION
TO THE LOUVRE, AS PART OF THEIR ARTISTIC VICTORY
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AT THE VIENNA CONGRESS IT WAS DECIDED THAT THE
NETHERLANDS WOULD BECOME A KINGDOM THE
STADTHOUDER COLLECTION STOLEN BY THE FRANCH WAS
RETURNED IN 1822 AND HAS BEEN ON DISPLAY SINCE
THEN IN ROYAL MUSEUM MAURITSHUIS IN THE HAGUE IT
COULD BE VIEWED BY ANY ADULT WHO WAS WELL-DRESSED
AND WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING CHILDREN
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IN THE HAGUE IN 1800 IN HUIS TEN BOSCH, A
RESIDENCE OF THE LAST STADTHOLDER WHO FLED IN
1795, A STATE MUSEUM WAS OPENED
LOUIS-NAPOLEON, KING OF HOLLAND FROM 1806 TO
1810, MOVED IT TO THE TOWNHALL IN AMSTERDAM IT
WAS MOVED AGAIN IN 1817 TO THE HOUSE OF THE
BROTHERS TRIP WHO BECAME FILTHY RICH IN THE 17TH
CENTURY IN IRON TRADE, PRIMARILY WEAPONS, WITH
SWEDEN THE COLLECTION MOVED IN 1885 TO THE
CURRENT BUILDING OF THE RIJKSMUSEUM IN AMSTERDAM
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WHAT NOW IS CELEBRATED AS CLASSICAL MUSIC CAME TO
THE NETHERLANDS AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY
WITH THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE QUARTERS OF THE
STADTHOLDER IN THE HAGUE IN THE 18TH CENTURY HAD
A MUSIC AND DANCE HALL AND A BAND BUT NOT AN
ORCHESTRA NANNERL AND WOLFGANG MOZART PLAYED
THERE IN 1765 THEY STAYED FOR SEVEN MONTHS
BECAUSE FIRST SHE AND THEN HE CAUGHT
TYPHOID MOZARTS SYMPHONY KV20 PREMIERED IN
AMSTERDAM IN 1766 IN THE RIDING SCHOOL
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IN ASTERDAM, IN 1785 THE SOCIETY FELIX MERITUS
(HAPPY THROUGH MERIT) OPENED A BUILDING WITH A
MUSIC HALL AND A HALL FOR NATURAL EXPERIMENTS IN
1830 ODEON OPENED AS A MUSIC HALL FOR THE GENERAL
PUBLIC THE PRESENT CONCERTGEBOUW IN AMSTERDAM WAS
OPENED IN 1887 IN THE HAGUE IN 1805 THE SOCIETY
DILIGENTIA (PERSEVERING APPLICATION) FOR
EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY OPENED A NEW BUILDING,
AND 1821 COME TO OFFER TO CONCERTI DILIGENTIA AN
AUDITORIUM WITH A ROYAL BOX
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A THESIS FOR NOVEL COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL-HISTOR
ICAL RESEARCH IF A COUNTRY KNEW BEFORE 1795 AND
BEFORE 1871 A STRONGER COURT CULTURE, THEN RIGHT
NOW HIGH CULTURE IS A MORE IMPORTANT PART OF
LEISURE IN THAT COUNTRY THIS HYPOTHESIS CAN BE
TESTED QUITE EASILY IN A COUNTRY COMPARISON WHICH
ESTABLISHES THE YEARS IN WHICH MUSEUMS AND
CONCERT HALLS WERE ESTABLISHED AND TAKES THESE
YEARS AS VARIABLES EXPLAINING NATIONAL
PARTICIPATION IN VARIOUS FORMS OF HIGH CULTURE
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WEBERS AND GOLDTHORPES WAY OF BRIDGING THE GAP
BETWEEN THEORY AND RESEARCH IN SOCIOLOGY IN
ORDER TO DEVELOP THEORIES, TAKE WELL-ESTABLISHED
EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES AS STARTING POINT ULTEES
LESS SHAKY AND MORE PROMISING BRIDGE TAKE A
MICRO-MACRO PARADOX AS STARTING POINT
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THE MICRO-MACRO PARADOX OF PARIS-INSEE
SOCIOLOGISTS HOW IS IT POSSIBLE THAT READING IS
DECLINING, WHEREAS MORE EDUCATION MAKES FOR MORE
READING AND THE GENERAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION HAS
INCREASED? THE EASY ANSWER ITS THE TELEVISION
STUPID! THE LONG ANSWER WITH MORE UPWARD
MOBILITY, THE ESTABLISHED AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF
EDUCATION ARE UNABLE TO MAINTAIN ANY STANDARD OF
HIGH CULTURE IN THE FACE OF MANY NEWCOMERS
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SO THE INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS IS A GENERALIZATION
OF THE EGOISM- PROPOSITION IN DURKHEIMS LE
SUICIDE IF PERSONS ARE MORE STRONGLY
INTEGRATED INTO A GROUP, THEY WILL BE MORE
LIKELY LIVE UP TO ANY OF ITS STANDARDS AND IF
THEY ARE LESS INTEGRATED, THEY ARE LESS LIKELY TO
COMPLY
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WITH AS AUXILIARY ASSUMPTIONS READING,
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERTS AND VISITING MUSEUMS
ARE STANDARDS AMONG THE HIGH LY EDUCATED UPWARDLY
MOBILE PERSONS ARE LESS INTEGRATED INTO THE GROUP
OF HIGHLY EDUCATED PERSONS COMPOSITION
EFFECT THE HIGHLY EDUCATED FROM HIGHLY EDUCATED
PARENTS DISINTEGRATE S A GROUP UNDER UPWARD
MOBILITY CONTEXTUAL EFFECT EDUCATIONAL
HETEROGAMY HAS THE SAME EFFECTS AS EDUCATIONAL
MOBILITY
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THE DOWNWARD TREND IS EXPLAINED BY THE
COMPOSITION EFFECT BUT THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE
THEORY IS THE CONTEXTUAL EFFECT THERE IS IN AN
OPEN SOCIETY A DOWNWARD SPIRAL MAKING THE THEORY
A MIRROR OF THE UPWARD SPIRAL POSTULATED FOR
CLOSED SOCIETIES
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THE ISSUE BEING RAISED RIGHT NOW BY OXFORD
SOCIOLOGISTS IS WHETHER STATUS HAS STRONGER
EFFECTS ON HIGH CULTURE THAN CLASS THE WAY OF
MEASURING STATUS INVOLVES A MACRO-MEASURE
REFERRING TO MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP
PATTERNS, WHEREAS I USE A MICRO-MEASURE AND A
CONTEXTUAL MEASURE DO NOT GO AFTER CONTEXTUAL
EFFECTS WITHOUT INCLUDING INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS IN
THE NETHERLANDS OF ALL INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS, THAT
OF EDUCATION IS STRONGEST
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THE FOLLOWING TIME SERIES FOR THE NETHERLANDS
PERTAIN ONLY TO PERSONS WHOSE EDUCATION IS KNOWN,
AS WELL AS THE EDUCTION OF THEIR SPOUSE AND
FATHER 1974 AND 1983 ARE FROM THE LIFE STUATION
SURVEY OF STATISTICS NETHERLANDS 1993, 1998, 2000
AND 2003 FROM THE SERIES FAMILY SURVEY DUTCH
POPULATION FNB
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FOUR LEVELS OF EDUCATION ONLY PRIMARY, LOWER
SECONDARY, HIGHER SECONDARY, TERTIARY I SKIP
READING AS HIGH CULTURE TO LESSEN THE TELEVISION
EFFECT
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ANSWER 1 PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR)
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
28 33 25 31 29 22
29 42 47 65 67 55
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ANSWER 2 ODDS RATIO HIGHEST / LOWEST EDUCATION
AND ODDS RATIO HIGHERS / HIGHEST BUT ONE EDUCATION
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
9.3 9.3 5.9 6.4 7.5 5.9
1.4 2.8 2.7 4.9 3.6 3.6
11.2 9.5 5.6 11.0 2.5 5.7
1.5 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.6 3.1
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ANSWER 3 PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR)
ONLY PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
56 64 42 55 53 37
58 74 70 85 87 77
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ANSWER 2 AGAIN ODDS RATIO HIGHEST / LOWEST
EDUCATION AND ODDS RATIO HIGHERS / HIGHEST BUT
ONE EDUCATION FOR THE EDUCATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS
ONLY
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
40.836.0 21.418.3 14.4 8.1
1.9 4.3 6.2 11.5 7.1 6.1
38.5 22.5 9.6 24.7 8.6 11.5
2.14.5 4.3 3.9 3.5 4.8
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ANSWER 4 PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR)
ONLY PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND
FATHER AND SPOUSE WITH THE SAME EDUCATION
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
78 80 65 67 64 50
77 84 78 91 88 85
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ANSWER 5 AND AS THE CLIMAX OR ANTI-CLIMAX THE
NUMBER OF PERSONS HOMOGENEOUS AT THE HIGHEST (AND
LOWEST) LEVEL OF EDUCATION AS A PERCENT OF THE
PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST (LOWEST) LEVEL OF
EDUCATION
HIGHEST LOWEST

1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
8 11 17 20 18 19
58 52 28 27 34 27
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THERE GOES A NON-GRAND THEORY?
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OUR INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS WAS ABOUT LIVING UP TO
THE STANDARDS OF A GROUP THESE STANDARDS ARE BEST
EXEMPLIFIED BY PERSONS WHOSE FATHER AND SPOUSE
ARE IN THIS GROUP TOO FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTS OF
OWN, FATHERS AND SPOUSAL EDUCATION, LINEAR
REGRESSION MODELS MISS THE GIST OF THE INDIVIDUAL
HYPOTHESIS THESE MODELS ASSUME THAT MARGINAL
FREQUENCIES ARE REFERENCE POINT FOR PERSONS,
WHEREAS DIAGONAL FREQUENCIES ARE SO APPLY SOBELS
DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS
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ANSWER 6 WEIGHTS IN DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS
FOR OWN, SPOUSES, AND FATHERS
EDUCATION CONCERT MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
0.43 0.35 0.22 0.35 0.48 0.17 0.43 0.21
0.37 0.52 0.45 0.07 0.56 0.42 0.02 0.50
0.30 0.20
0.48 0.30 0.22 0.52 0.34 0.14 0.62 0.27
0.11 0.52 0.45 0.07 ?!0.61 0.56 -0.17!?
0.48 0.44 0.08
WEIGHTS OF OWN EDUCATION ARE UP, OF FATHERS
EDUCATION DOWN, OF SPOUSES EDUCATION UP WITH
RESPECT TO MUSEUM VISITS
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