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are used to express
modal verbs
obligation ability possibility advice and
recommendation permission deduction
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't
FORM I will have to do it next week. I don't
have to do it, I had to do it last week. I've
had to do it twice already. used in present, past
and future simple in present perfect, but not
in continuous tenses
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't
FORM must or mustnt infinitive for present
and future Note There is no past tense for must
so we use had to /didn't have to. You must bring
it tomorrow. You mustn't ever bring it to
class. They had a tape recorder, so I didn't have
to bring one.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't
FORM needn't infinitive for present and
future. You needn't bring it, we've got one
here.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't
FORM needn't infinitive for present and
future. You needn't bring it, we've got one
here. didn't need to infinitive for the
past. We explained that he didn't need to bring
one.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't
FORM needn't infinitive for present and
future. You needn't bring it, we've got one
here. didn't need to infinitive for the
past. We explained that he didn't need to bring
one. needn't perfect infinitive for the
past. You needn't have brought it, we had one
here
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't

• USE
• have to obligation by external circumstances
• must obligation by someones authority
• Example
• We have to leave the office now, before we get
  ourselves locked in.
• You must see to it that every client receives our
  brochure.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't

• USE
• have to obligation by external circumstances
• must obligation by someones authority
• 2.   We use mustnt to talk about negative
  obligation.
• Example
• They mustnt arrive late.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't

• USE
• have to obligation by external circumstances
• must obligation by someones authority
• 2.   We use mustnt to talk about negative
  obligation.
• 3.   We use mustnt to talk about prohibition.
• Example
• You mustnt go faster than 120 kilometres per
  hour.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't

• USE
• have to obligation by external circumstances
• must obligation by someones authority
• 2.   We use mustnt to talk about negative
  obligation.
• 3.   We use mustnt to talk about prohibition.
• 4. We use dont have to and neednt to talk
  about absence of obligation
• Example
• You neednt (dont have to) submit your paper
  until next week.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
have to / must / mustn't / need / needn't

• USE
• have to obligation by external circumstances
• must obligation by someones authority
• 2.   We use mustnt to talk about negative
  obligation.
• 3.   We use mustnt to talk about prohibition.
• We use dont have to and neednt to talk about
  absence of obligation
• We use didnt need to do and neednt have done
  to talk about things in the past which it wasnt
  necessary to do. There is an important
  difference.
• Example
• I didnt need to show my passport (so I left it
  in my pocket)
• I neednt have shown my passport (so I better
  leave it in my pocket next time.)

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / be able to

• FORM
• can infinitive
• could infinitive
• could perfect infinitive
• will be able to
• was/were able to

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / be able to
USE 1. We use can and could to talk about
general ability to do something. Examples She
can play tennis very well. (present) He could
swim when he was five years old. (past)
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / be able to

• USE
• We use can and could to talk about general
  ability to do something.
• We use be able to to talk about specific ability
  to do something in the past and ine the future.
• Examples
• I was able to catch the last train. (past)
• I will be able to play football next week.
  (future)

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / be able to

• USE
• We use can and could to talk about general
  ability to do something.
• We use be able to to talk about specific ability
  to do something in the past and in the future.
• We use could perfect infinitive to talk about
  things in the past we were able to do but did not
  do for some reason.
• Examples
• I was so tired I could have slept for a week.
• I could have hit him.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
may / might
FORM 1. may (might) infinitive for present
and future Examples She may come to the
party tonight. (tomorrow) She might come to the
party tonight. (tomorrow)
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
may / might

• FORM
• may (might) infinitive for present and future
• may (might) be present participle moment of
  speaking
• Examples
• They may be trying to contact us now.
• They might be trying to contact us now.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
may / might

• FORM
• may (might) infinitive for present and future
• may (might) be present participle moment of
  speaking
• may (might) perfect infinitive for the past
• Examples
• He may have gone home
• He might have gone home.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
may / might

• USE
• May suggests a stronger possibility than might.
• Examples
• They may visit us this year. They havent visited
  us for five years.
• They might visit us again this year. They came
  over from the US last year.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
should / ought to / must
FORM should infinitive ought to
infinitive for present and future must
infinitive Examples You should keep an eye on
her. No one ought to consider such breaches of
the law tolerable. We must buckle up.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
should / ought to / must
FORM should perfect infinitive ought to
perfect infinitive for the past note there is
no past for must expressing advice. Examples You
should have told him to leave you alone. You
ought to have shown due respect.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
should / ought to / must
USE We use should when we are giving our own
opinion We use ought to when we are referring to
public opinion or to regulations and laws We use
must to show stronger personal involvement. Examp
les You should take more exercise. You ought to
be at the airport one and a half hour before
take-off. You must write some sort of apology.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / may / might
FORM can infinitive could infinitive may
infinitive for present and future might
infinitive Examples Can I borrow your marker
for a moment? Could I plug in this adapter here
for a moment? May I have your attention, please?
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / may / might

• USE
• can is for asking permission in colloquial
  situations
• could is for asking permission in a more polite
  manner
• may is for asking permission in a more formal
  situation
• might is for asking permission in an utterly
  formal situation
• Examples
• Can I use your phone?
• Could I use this phone, miss?
• May I use this phone?
• Might I submit this petition to the court?

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
can / could / may / might

• USE
• can is for asking permission in colloquial
  situations
• could is for asking permission in a more polite
  manner
• may is for asking permission in a more formal
  situation
• might is for asking permission in an utterly
  formal situation
• We use can and may for giving permission
• We use cant and may not to refuse permission.
• Examples
• No, Im afraid you cant.
• Sexual preferences may not be asked for.

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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
must / cant

• FORM
• must infinitive
• cant infinitive for deductions about the
  present

Examples She must be on holiday. She cant be on
holiday.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
must / cant

• FORM
• must infinitive
• cant infinitive for deductions about the
  present
• 2. must be present participle for deductions
  about
• cant be present participle an action in
  progress

Examples It must be raining. The battery cant be
loading.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
must / cant

• FORM
• must infinitive
• cant infinitive for deductions about the
  present
• 2. must be present participle for deductions
  about
• cant be present participle an action in
  progress
• 3. must perfect infinitive for deductions
• cant perfect infinitive about the past

Examples They must have missed the train. They
cant have been so thoughtless.
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obligation
ability
possibility
advice
permission
deduction
must / cant
USE We use must and cant when we are almost
certain that something is correct (deduction).
We use must for positive deductions. We use
cant for negative deductions.
Examples He must be out. (Because he doesnt
answer the phone.) He cant be out. (Ive just
seen him go in.) You cant be hungry.(Youv only
just finished dinner.)