Modal View of Memory

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Modal View of Memory
Sensory Register
Short-Term Working Memory
Long Term Memory
Encoding
Attention
Retrieval
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Recall Results
Word recalled but not on the list? SLEEP
Middle Third Wake Snooze Blanket Doze Slumber
Last Third Snore Nap Peace Yawn Drowsy
First Third Bed Rest Awake Tired Dream
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False Memories

• Roediger McDermott (1995)
• 40 of adult participants recalled items not on
  the list
• Often people make the same mistakes (the same
  wrong words are recalled)
• Why?

4
Semantic Network in LTM
(Collins Quillian, 1966)
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Semantic Network in LTM
Spreading Activation
(Collins Quillian, 1966)
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Sleep Organization
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Take home message

• Memory is fallible
• We dont always remember things we experienced
  (forgetting)
• We remember things that we didnt experience
  (false memory)

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Implications for Eyewitness Testimony
Witnessing events and recalling them
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Event Memory - Processes

• Encoding
• How the memory is formed
• Context of the event
• Storage
• How the memory is stored
• Linked to other information already in storage
• Retrieval
• How the memory is accessed
• Context of recall
• Delay

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Retrieval
Tell me what happened

• Free Recall
• Cued Recall
• Recognition

What color was the car?
Was it a BMW or a Subaru?
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Encoding and Retrieval Contexts

• Event encoding Location 1
• Event retrieval Location 2
• Stress levels?
• Mood?
• General Fact Better retrieval when retrieval
  conditions match the encoding conditions

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Context-dependency (Godden Baddeley, 1975)
Deep -sea divers learned material sitting by the
edge of the water or 20 feet under the water.
They were then tested by the edge of the water
or 20 feet under the water.
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Implications for Eyewitness Testimony

• General Forgetting Processes
• Encoding and retrieval rontext doesnt match
• Additional Source of Errors
• Introduction of new information post event
  information
• Act of retelling

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Elizabeth Loftus (1978 and more recently)

• Misleading questions
• How fast was the car going when it hit the house?
• How fast was the car going when it smashed into
  the house?
• Introduction of misinformation
• What color was the mans mustache? (there was no
  mustache)
• Did the car come to a full stop at the stop sign?
  (it was a yield sign)

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File Hypothesis (Loftus and colleagues)
Original Memory
New memory with original and new information
New memory with original and new information
Time 1 Event Perception
Time 2 Questioning
Time 3 Recall
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Modal View of Memory
Attend to and rehearse certain details
Event Perception
Original Memory
Store details
Sensory Register
Short-Term Working Memory
Long Term Memory
Encoding
Attention
Retrieval
Attend to question
Retrieve info pertaining to question
Perceive Voice
Questioning
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Retelling Stories Traversky Marsh (2000)

• Read story about roommates who did annoying and
  fun things
• Retelling conditions
• Write a letter recommending the target character
  to a sorority or fraternity
• Write a letter to the housing office complaining
  about the target character
• Recall the original story as accurately as
  possible

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Study Design
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Results - Retelling
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Results - Retelling
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Results Errors in Recall
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Think About What Happened
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One-minute question

• After waking from a nap, a student rides her bike
  to the library, where she studies for her test
  and then talks with some friends. The activity
  that is most closely related to procedural memory
  is
• a) napping b) riding the bike c) studying
  for the test
• d) talking with friends
• Using the modal model of memory (the three
  boxes), explain the results of Tversky Marsh
  (2000). Make a diagram and show the process for
  each retelling group.