General Terminology Unit

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General Terminology Unit

• Read Chapter 1 HW pg 20
• M/C 1, 4, S.A. 8, 9 Clinic 4

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Basic Vocabulary

• AnatomyStudy of internal/external body parts and
  relationships
• Microscopic anatomy
• cytologyanalysis of internal structure of
  individual cells
• histologystudying tissues

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Basic Vocabulary

• Macroscopic (Gross)visible to naked eye, many
  subdivisions
• Surface Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomyour focus

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Basic Vocabulary

• PhysiologyStudy of functions of human body
• Cell physiologyfunctions of cells
• Systemic physiologyour focuslooking at systems
  within body
• Pathologic physiologylooking at diseases and
  effects

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Systems of the Human Body

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular

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Systems of the Human Body
Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular
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Systems of the Human Body

• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Urinary

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Systems of the Human Body

• Digestive
• Reproductive

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Functions necessary for life

• Maintaining boundariesbeing able to keep inside
  separate from outside
• Movementinternal (transport of food, blood,
  etc.) or external

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Functions necessary for life

• Responsivenessorganisms change in relationship
  to environment, such as blinking when something
  is thrown at you, migrating with cold weather,
  etc.
• Digestion

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Functions necessary for life

• Metabolismthe sum of all chemical operations
  within body
• Excretionridding the body of harmful substances

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Functions necessary for life

• Growth/Differentiationgrowth over time due to
  increased number of cells and (in multicellular
  organisms) different cells specializing in
  different functions

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Environmental factorsSurvival needs

• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Appropriate temperature
• Atmospheric pressure

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Homeostasis

• the give and take/balancing act going on in your
  body at all times.

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Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical positionhands at sides with palms
  forward
• Become familiar with Table 1.1 and figures 1.5a
  and 1.5bthis will help you in later chapters!
• Supinelying face up in anatomical position
• Pronelying face down in anatomical position

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Language of Anatomy cont

• Superior/Cranial Toward the head end of the
  body.
• Eg. The hand is part of the superior extermity.
• Inferior/Caudal Toward the foot end of the
  body.
• Eg. The foot is part of the inferior extremity
  the hips are caudal to the wrist.
• Anterior/ventral Belly side (only in humans,
  not 4-legged animals)
• Eg. The kneecap is located on the anterior side
  of the body.

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Language of Anatomy cont

• Posterior/Dorsalback (only in humans, not
  4-legged animals)
• eg. The shoulder blades are located on the
  posterior side of the body.
• Medialtoward the midline of the body.
• eg. The great toe is located on the medial side
  of the foot.
• Lateralaway from the midline of the body
• eg. Moving laterally from the nose brings you to
  the eyes.

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Language of Anatomy cont

• Proximaltoward/nearest the trunk or the point of
  origin of a part.
• eg. The elbow is located on the proximal end of
  the forearm.
• Distalaway from/farthest from the trunk or the
  point of origin of a part.
• eg. The hand is located on the distal end of the
  forearm.
• Superficialnear/relatively near the surface of
  the body.
• eg. The skin is superficial to the muscles
• Deepfarther from the body surface.
• eg. The bones are deep in the arm.

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Body Planes are sections

• Sagittala lengthwise plane running from front to
  back that divides a body into right and left
  sides.
• Median/Midsagittalsagittal plane through the
  midline splitting the body into right and left
  halves.

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Body Planes are sections

• Coronal/Frontallengthwise plane running from
  side to side divides a body into anterior and
  posterior parts.
• Transversecrosswise plane divides body into
  superior and inferior parts.

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Overview of Tissues

• a tissue is an organized group of cells and
  non-living interstitial material. Each tissue
  specializes in performing at least one unique
  function that is essential for healthy survival
  of the body.
• Epithelial tissue
• Lines the bodys surface, cavities, ducts and
  tubes
• One free surface faces a body fluid or the
  environment

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Epithelial tissue

• Functions of Epithelial Tissue
• Provide physical protectionprotect
  exposed/internal surfaces from abrasion,
  dehydration, etc.
• Control permeabilityany substance that
  enters/leaves body has to cross an epithelium
• Provide sensationmost epithelia are extensively
  innervated by sensory nerves. Can detect changes
  in their environment and convey information to
  the nervous system.
• Produce specialized secretions

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Connective Tissue

• examples include bone, fat and blood. Found
  throughout the body but never exposed to the
  outside environment.
• Many are highly vascularized (lots of blood
  vessels) and contain sensory receptors that
  provide pain, pressure, temp and other info.

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Examples of Connective Tissues
www.bio.miami.edu
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Connective Tissue cont

• Functions of Connective Tissue
• Establishing a structural framework for the body.
• Transport fluids from one region of the body to
  another.
• Protect delicate organs.
• Storing energy reserves.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissuemany types of cells and
  interstitial fibers in a syrupy ground substance.
• Fibroblastshelps form tendons and ligaments

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Loose Connective Tissues
• Bloodblood cells and fragments of cells (formed
  elements). The RBCs (erythrocytes) account for ½
  volume of bloodjob is to carry oxygen to cells
  of body.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Areolar tissuemost widely distributed connective
  tissue, cobwebby tissue that cushions and
  protects.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Adipose tissue (fat)areolar tissue with lots of
  fat cells.

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Reticular tissuefound in lymph

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Classification--Connective Tissue

• Supporting Connective Tissue
• Cartilageavascularall nutrients/waste products
  must go through cartilage via diffusion.
• Blood vessels dont grow here due to
  antiangiogenesis factor (chemical that
  discourages the growth of bv). This
  antiangiogenesis factor is being studied for use
  in cancer treatment.

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Types of Cartilage

• Hyalinetough but somewhat flexible. egs.
  Ribs/sternum, nasal cartilage, knee and elbows.

www.allaboutarthritis.com
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Types of Cartilage

• Elasticextremely resilient and flexible. egs.
  External flap of ear, auditory tube, epiglottis.

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Types of Cartilage

• Fibrocartilageextremely tough and durable. egs.
  Cartilage between the vertebrae, between pubic
  bones

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Supporting Connective Tissue cont

• Bonemuch tougher/stronger than cartilage. We
  will discuss this in great detail in the Skeletal
  System unit.

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Muscular Tissue

• Muscle Tissue (function of)coordinate movement
  of the body and its parts.

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Skeletal musclevoluntary Cardiac musclefound in
heart Smooth muscleinvoluntaryfound in
digestive system and other involuntary actions
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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous Tissue (function of)specializes in
  communication between the various parts of the
  body and integration of its activities.

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