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Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800

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Hamilton's high excise tax angered PA pioneers, as whiskey was economic ... US delegation shocked, refused demands. Fighting with France (4) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800


1
Launching the New Ship of State1789-1800
  • The American Pageant
  • Chapter 10

2
Ship on Uncertain Sea
  • 1790 Pop. doubling every 25 yrs, cities grew,
    but 90 rural.
  • Only 5 west of Appalachians, most in KY, TN,
    OH.
  • 1791 Vermont becomes 14th state.

3
Ship on Uncertain Sea (2)
  • Revolution problems under Articles eroded
    respect for authority a necessary evil.
  • Frontier was less loyal, esp. with Spain ruling
    mouth of Miss., Spanish/English agents.

4
Ship on Uncertain Sea (3)
  • Govt operating on very little revenue, huge
    public debt, little metallic money.
  • Many regarded creation of huge Republic as
    impossible, monarchs afraid of success.

5
Wash.s Profed Regime
  • 1789 Wash. unanimously elected Pres. by Elec.
    College.
  • Triumphal procession from Mt. Vernon to NYC, took
    oath on April 30, 1789 on balcony over Wall
    Street.

6
Wash.s Profed Regime (2)
  • Wash. established cabinet, with Secretaries of
    State (Jefferson), Treasury (Hamilton), War
    (Henry Knox).
  • Developed practice of cabinet meetings.

7
The Bill of Rights
  • Many states had ratified Const. on grounds that
    bill of rights would be added.
  • Madison drafted amendments, guided them through
    Congress.

8
The Bill of Rights (2)
  • 1791 1st 10 amendments adopted by req'd of
    states.
  • Incl. basic rights freedom of religion, speech,
    press, bear arms, trial by jury, assembly,
    petition govt for grievances.

9
The Bill of Rights (3)
  • Also prohibits cruel unusual punishment and
    arbitrary govt seizure of private property.
  • 9th Amendment just because these rights are
    listed, doesnt mean thats all the rights.

10
The Bill of Rights (4)
  • 10th Amend. For states righters rights not
    specifically given to Fed. govt are reserved to
    states, people.
  • 1789 Judiciary Act created federal courts,
    Supreme Court under John Jay (CJ).

11
Hamilton Revives Credit
  • Brilliant Treasury Sec. Hamilton developed plan
    to help economy help wealthy, who will help
    govt, prosperity will trickle down to masses.
  • 1st goal bolster US credit.

12
Hamilton Revives Credit (2)
  • Urged Congress to fund debt at par (principal
    interest).
  • Urged Congress to assume debts of states, as debt
    was to pay for war, assumption would chain states
    to union, attach wealthy creditors to fed.
    govt.

13
Hamilton Revives Credit (3)
  • Heavy debt states (e.g. MA) delighted, light debt
    VA didnt like plan, needed convincing.
  • Hamilton persuaded Congress to create DC near VA,
    got enough votes in Congress for assumption
    (1790).

14
Customs Duties/Excises
  • B/c funding at par, assumption, govt had huge
    debt (75M).
  • Hamilton not worried, felt that debt was union
    adhesive.
  • Money to pay debt? Customs duties from tariffs
    req'd large foreign trade.

15
Customs Duties/Excises (2)
  • 1789 1st tariff law, 8 tariff on imports.
    Goal revenue protection for new industries.
  • 1791 Excise tax on few domestic items, e.g.
    whiskey (7/gallon).

16
Battle for a Bank
  • Hamilton desired Bank of US, in order to
  • Provide place for govt funds, which would
    stimulate business by remaining in circulation.
  • Print paper money, providing sound national
    currency.

17
Battle for a Bank (2)
  • Bank useful, but would it be constitutional?
  • Jefferson the Constitution does not authorize
    creation of bank, that power reserved for states.
  • Developed theory of strict construction.

18
Battle for a Bank (3)
  • Strict constructionists held to strict/literal
    interpretation of Constitution fed. govt can
    only do what is specifically allowed.
  • Hamilton argued that govt could do whatever not
    for-bidden by Constitution.

19
Battle for a Bank (4)
  • Hamilton used necessary proper (or elastic)
    clause resulting implied powers to justify
    this view (loose construction).
  • A loose or broad interpretation of the
    Constitution.

20
Battle for a Bank (5)
  • Hamilton convinced Wash. to his view, Wash.
    signed bank bill into law.
  • Debate over bank revealed North/South split.
  • Bank created in 1791, chartered for 20 years.

21
Mutinous Moonshiners
  • 1794 Whiskey rebellion in PA challenged new
    govt.
  • Hamiltons high excise tax angered PA pioneers,
    as whiskey was economic necessity, even used as
    money.

22
Mutinous Moonshiners (2)
  • Revenue officers were tarred feathered,
    collections halted.
  • Wash. summoned militia, but found no significant
    rebellion, criticized for excessive force.
  • However, Wash.s government commanded new respect.

23
Political Parties Emerge
  • Hamiltons successes resulted in solid US credit,
    but policies infringed on states rights.
  • Organized opposition began to build (Jefferson
    Madison) 1st in Congress, but flowed out to
    public via newspapers.

24
Political Parties Emerge (2)
  • Founders had not anticipated political parties,
    and, in fact, their existence in a democracy
    seemed disloyal.
  • However, 2-party system has existed ever since,
    providing needed check on maj. party.

25
Impact of French Rev.
  • Americans, esp. Jeffersonians, cheered beg. of
    French Rev.
  • However, when Reign of Terror began, Federalist
    opposed, aristocrats afraid of masses.
  • Became war which spread to New World.

26
Neutrality Proclamation
  • Franco-American alliance of 1778 still in effect,
    bound US to protect French West Indies.
  • Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans favored
    honoring the alliance, entering conflict against
    Britain.

27
Neutrality Proclamation (2)
  • However Wash. knew US weak militarily,
    economically war must be avoided. Needed
    another generation of American fertility to
    increase power.
  • 1793 W/out Congress, issued Neutrality
    Proclamation.

28
Neutrality Proclamation (3)
  • Proclamation warned citizens to be impartial.
  • Citizen Genêt arrives from French Republic at
    Charleston. Zealously promotes alliance with
    France, accepted by Demo-cratic-Republicans.

29
Neutrality Proclamation (4)
  • Genêt believed Proclamation did not reflect
    people, recruited Americans for invasions of FL,
    LA, Canada.
  • Wash. demanded his recall.
  • France never actually reqd. US to honor treaty
    obligation.

30
Conflicts with Britain
  • British made neutrality difficult maintained
    trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to
    Indians, collaborated with Indians to check US
    expansion to frontier.

31
Conflicts with Britain (2)
  • British expected Americans to defend Fr. W.
    Indies, so attack-ed US merchant ships, seizing
    about 300, impressed and imprisoned American
    sailors.
  • Jeffersonians called for war, Feds resisted
    (financial system).

32
Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves
  • To avoid war, Wash. sent CJ Jay to London (1794).
    Jeffs concerned about Jays loyalty.
  • Hamilton feared war with England, secretly
    supplied Brits with US bargaining strategy.

33
Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves (2)
  • Brits agree to pay some damag-es, but req'd US to
    pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts.
  • Jeffs felt treaty was surrender to Britain,
    betrayal of South (who had debts).

34
Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves (3)
  • Jays Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republica
    n party, tarnished Wash.s popularity.
  • Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free
    use of Miss., disputed territory north of FL.

35
Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves (4)
  • 1796 Exhausted from diplomatic partisan
    battles, Wash. decides not to seek 2nd term, est.
    2-term precedent.
  • Farewell address advised US to avoid permanent
    alliances.

36
Adams Becomes President
  • 1796 campaign Dem-Reps criticized crushing of
    Whiskey Rebellion, Jays treaty.
  • Adams was supported by New England, def.
    Jefferson 71-68 in Electoral College. Jefferson
    becomes VP.

37
Fighting with France
  • French upset by Jays treaty, saw as violation of
    France-US treaty, step toward alliance with
    England.
  • French warships begin to seize US merchant ships,
    about 300 by 1797.

38
Fighting with France (2)
  • French refused to receive new US envoy,
    threatened arrest.
  • Adams, like Wash., wanted to avoid war, sent
    3-person delegation, incl. John Marshall.
  • 1797 Delegation reaches Paris to meet with
    Talleyrand.

39
Fighting with France (3)
  • Rather than Talleyrand, approached by 3
    go-betweens, later called X, Y, Z.
  • XYZ demanded loan, bribe of 250,000 to merely
    talk with Talleyrand. US delegation shocked,
    refused demands.

40
Fighting with France (4)
  • Americans wanted war millions for defense, but
    not one cent for tribute.
  • Feds delighted, Jeffersonians embarrassed by
    French.
  • US prepares for war, expands navy, est. US Marine
    Corps.

41
Fighting with France (5)
  • 1798-1800 In undeclared hostilities, mostly
    around West Indies, US captured over 80 French
    ships, lost several hundred to France.
  • Needed only slight push for war.

42
Patriotism Above Party
  • France/Talleyrand did not want war, or push US to
    Britain.
  • French send back-channel message that new US
    minister would be received properly.
  • 1799 Adams submits to Senate new minister to
    France.

43
Patriotism Above Party (2)
  • Hamilton/war-hawk Feds enraged, but most
    Americans agreeable to try for peace.
  • 1800 new US envoys come to find Napolean as new
    dictator, desiring to resolve US conflict.

44
Patriotism Above Party (3)
  • Convention of 1800 signed ended Franco-American
    alliance.
  • Adams deserves credit avoided war unknowingly
    laid foundation for LA Purchase.

45
Federalist Witch Hunt
  • 1798 Using anti-French hysteria, Feds in
    Congress pass Alien Sedition Acts.
  • Alien Laws raised residency req'd for
    citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting in
    fewer Dem-Rep voters.

46
Federalist Witch Hunt (2)
  • Alien Laws also gave Pres. authority to deport
    (peace) or imprison (wartime) foreigners.
  • Sedition Act prohibited impeding policies of
    govt or falsely defaming officials aimed at
    Jeff. newspapers.

47
Federalist Witch Hunt (3)
  • Sedition Act violated Const., but Fed SC would
    not overturn.
  • Law wrote to expire in 1801 in case Feds lost
    election.
  • Despite violation of freedoms, Acts were very
    popular.

48
VA KY Resolutions
  • Jefferson (secretly) Madison write resolutions
    adopted by KY VA legislatures arguing
    nullification.
  • US govt had overstepped bounds, compact with
    states had been violated.

49
VA KY Resolutions (2)
  • As a result, states could nullify federal laws,
    specific-ally the Alien Sedition Acts.
  • Feds response its people, not states, that
    formed union, therefore up to SC to nullify.

50
Feds vs. Democratic-Rep.
  • Federalists in 1800 campaign held
  • Rule by the best people.
  • Distrusted full-blown democracy.
  • Advocated strong central govt to crush
    democratic excess (Shays).
  • Govt should support enterprise.
  • Pro-British (trade)

51
Feds vs. Democratic-Rep. (2)
  • Jefferson led Democratic-Republicans, appealed to
    middle class, underprivileged.
  • So-called traitor to his upper class, Jefferson
    opposed any kind of tyranny.

52
Feds vs. Democratic-Rep. (3)
  • Dem-Reps in 1800 campaign held
  • Weak central govt, most power retained by
    states.
  • No special privileges for upper class,
    manufacturers (agriculture most important).
  • Rule by people, voting for all literate, educated.

53
Feds vs. Democratic-Rep. (4)
  • Dem-Reps held (2)
  • Importance of land ownership to democracy, sadly
    req'd slavery.
  • Jefferson championed free speech, press to expose
    misdeeds of tyranny.
  • Pro-French supported liberal ideals of French
    Revolution.

54
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