Title: Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800
1Launching the New Ship of State1789-1800
- The American Pageant
- Chapter 10
2Ship on Uncertain Sea
- 1790 Pop. doubling every 25 yrs, cities grew,
but 90 rural. - Only 5 west of Appalachians, most in KY, TN,
OH. - 1791 Vermont becomes 14th state.
3Ship on Uncertain Sea (2)
- Revolution problems under Articles eroded
respect for authority a necessary evil. - Frontier was less loyal, esp. with Spain ruling
mouth of Miss., Spanish/English agents.
4Ship on Uncertain Sea (3)
- Govt operating on very little revenue, huge
public debt, little metallic money. - Many regarded creation of huge Republic as
impossible, monarchs afraid of success.
5Wash.s Profed Regime
- 1789 Wash. unanimously elected Pres. by Elec.
College. - Triumphal procession from Mt. Vernon to NYC, took
oath on April 30, 1789 on balcony over Wall
Street.
6Wash.s Profed Regime (2)
- Wash. established cabinet, with Secretaries of
State (Jefferson), Treasury (Hamilton), War
(Henry Knox). - Developed practice of cabinet meetings.
7The Bill of Rights
- Many states had ratified Const. on grounds that
bill of rights would be added. - Madison drafted amendments, guided them through
Congress.
8The Bill of Rights (2)
- 1791 1st 10 amendments adopted by req'd of
states. - Incl. basic rights freedom of religion, speech,
press, bear arms, trial by jury, assembly,
petition govt for grievances.
9The Bill of Rights (3)
- Also prohibits cruel unusual punishment and
arbitrary govt seizure of private property. - 9th Amendment just because these rights are
listed, doesnt mean thats all the rights.
10The Bill of Rights (4)
- 10th Amend. For states righters rights not
specifically given to Fed. govt are reserved to
states, people. - 1789 Judiciary Act created federal courts,
Supreme Court under John Jay (CJ).
11Hamilton Revives Credit
- Brilliant Treasury Sec. Hamilton developed plan
to help economy help wealthy, who will help
govt, prosperity will trickle down to masses. - 1st goal bolster US credit.
12Hamilton Revives Credit (2)
- Urged Congress to fund debt at par (principal
interest). - Urged Congress to assume debts of states, as debt
was to pay for war, assumption would chain states
to union, attach wealthy creditors to fed.
govt.
13Hamilton Revives Credit (3)
- Heavy debt states (e.g. MA) delighted, light debt
VA didnt like plan, needed convincing. - Hamilton persuaded Congress to create DC near VA,
got enough votes in Congress for assumption
(1790).
14Customs Duties/Excises
- B/c funding at par, assumption, govt had huge
debt (75M). - Hamilton not worried, felt that debt was union
adhesive. - Money to pay debt? Customs duties from tariffs
req'd large foreign trade.
15Customs Duties/Excises (2)
- 1789 1st tariff law, 8 tariff on imports.
Goal revenue protection for new industries. - 1791 Excise tax on few domestic items, e.g.
whiskey (7/gallon).
16Battle for a Bank
- Hamilton desired Bank of US, in order to
- Provide place for govt funds, which would
stimulate business by remaining in circulation. - Print paper money, providing sound national
currency.
17Battle for a Bank (2)
- Bank useful, but would it be constitutional?
- Jefferson the Constitution does not authorize
creation of bank, that power reserved for states. - Developed theory of strict construction.
18Battle for a Bank (3)
- Strict constructionists held to strict/literal
interpretation of Constitution fed. govt can
only do what is specifically allowed. - Hamilton argued that govt could do whatever not
for-bidden by Constitution.
19Battle for a Bank (4)
- Hamilton used necessary proper (or elastic)
clause resulting implied powers to justify
this view (loose construction). - A loose or broad interpretation of the
Constitution.
20Battle for a Bank (5)
- Hamilton convinced Wash. to his view, Wash.
signed bank bill into law. - Debate over bank revealed North/South split.
- Bank created in 1791, chartered for 20 years.
21Mutinous Moonshiners
- 1794 Whiskey rebellion in PA challenged new
govt. - Hamiltons high excise tax angered PA pioneers,
as whiskey was economic necessity, even used as
money.
22Mutinous Moonshiners (2)
- Revenue officers were tarred feathered,
collections halted. - Wash. summoned militia, but found no significant
rebellion, criticized for excessive force. - However, Wash.s government commanded new respect.
23Political Parties Emerge
- Hamiltons successes resulted in solid US credit,
but policies infringed on states rights. - Organized opposition began to build (Jefferson
Madison) 1st in Congress, but flowed out to
public via newspapers.
24Political Parties Emerge (2)
- Founders had not anticipated political parties,
and, in fact, their existence in a democracy
seemed disloyal. - However, 2-party system has existed ever since,
providing needed check on maj. party.
25Impact of French Rev.
- Americans, esp. Jeffersonians, cheered beg. of
French Rev. - However, when Reign of Terror began, Federalist
opposed, aristocrats afraid of masses. - Became war which spread to New World.
26Neutrality Proclamation
- Franco-American alliance of 1778 still in effect,
bound US to protect French West Indies. - Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans favored
honoring the alliance, entering conflict against
Britain.
27Neutrality Proclamation (2)
- However Wash. knew US weak militarily,
economically war must be avoided. Needed
another generation of American fertility to
increase power. - 1793 W/out Congress, issued Neutrality
Proclamation.
28Neutrality Proclamation (3)
- Proclamation warned citizens to be impartial.
- Citizen Genêt arrives from French Republic at
Charleston. Zealously promotes alliance with
France, accepted by Demo-cratic-Republicans.
29Neutrality Proclamation (4)
- Genêt believed Proclamation did not reflect
people, recruited Americans for invasions of FL,
LA, Canada. - Wash. demanded his recall.
- France never actually reqd. US to honor treaty
obligation.
30Conflicts with Britain
- British made neutrality difficult maintained
trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to
Indians, collaborated with Indians to check US
expansion to frontier.
31Conflicts with Britain (2)
- British expected Americans to defend Fr. W.
Indies, so attack-ed US merchant ships, seizing
about 300, impressed and imprisoned American
sailors. - Jeffersonians called for war, Feds resisted
(financial system).
32Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves
- To avoid war, Wash. sent CJ Jay to London (1794).
Jeffs concerned about Jays loyalty. - Hamilton feared war with England, secretly
supplied Brits with US bargaining strategy.
33Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves (2)
- Brits agree to pay some damag-es, but req'd US to
pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts. - Jeffs felt treaty was surrender to Britain,
betrayal of South (who had debts).
34Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves (3)
- Jays Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republica
n party, tarnished Wash.s popularity. - Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free
use of Miss., disputed territory north of FL.
35Jays Treaty/Wash. Leaves (4)
- 1796 Exhausted from diplomatic partisan
battles, Wash. decides not to seek 2nd term, est.
2-term precedent. - Farewell address advised US to avoid permanent
alliances.
36Adams Becomes President
- 1796 campaign Dem-Reps criticized crushing of
Whiskey Rebellion, Jays treaty. - Adams was supported by New England, def.
Jefferson 71-68 in Electoral College. Jefferson
becomes VP.
37Fighting with France
- French upset by Jays treaty, saw as violation of
France-US treaty, step toward alliance with
England. - French warships begin to seize US merchant ships,
about 300 by 1797.
38Fighting with France (2)
- French refused to receive new US envoy,
threatened arrest. - Adams, like Wash., wanted to avoid war, sent
3-person delegation, incl. John Marshall. - 1797 Delegation reaches Paris to meet with
Talleyrand.
39Fighting with France (3)
- Rather than Talleyrand, approached by 3
go-betweens, later called X, Y, Z. - XYZ demanded loan, bribe of 250,000 to merely
talk with Talleyrand. US delegation shocked,
refused demands.
40Fighting with France (4)
- Americans wanted war millions for defense, but
not one cent for tribute. - Feds delighted, Jeffersonians embarrassed by
French. - US prepares for war, expands navy, est. US Marine
Corps.
41Fighting with France (5)
- 1798-1800 In undeclared hostilities, mostly
around West Indies, US captured over 80 French
ships, lost several hundred to France. - Needed only slight push for war.
42Patriotism Above Party
- France/Talleyrand did not want war, or push US to
Britain. - French send back-channel message that new US
minister would be received properly. - 1799 Adams submits to Senate new minister to
France.
43Patriotism Above Party (2)
- Hamilton/war-hawk Feds enraged, but most
Americans agreeable to try for peace. - 1800 new US envoys come to find Napolean as new
dictator, desiring to resolve US conflict.
44Patriotism Above Party (3)
- Convention of 1800 signed ended Franco-American
alliance. - Adams deserves credit avoided war unknowingly
laid foundation for LA Purchase.
45Federalist Witch Hunt
- 1798 Using anti-French hysteria, Feds in
Congress pass Alien Sedition Acts. - Alien Laws raised residency req'd for
citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting in
fewer Dem-Rep voters.
46Federalist Witch Hunt (2)
- Alien Laws also gave Pres. authority to deport
(peace) or imprison (wartime) foreigners. - Sedition Act prohibited impeding policies of
govt or falsely defaming officials aimed at
Jeff. newspapers.
47Federalist Witch Hunt (3)
- Sedition Act violated Const., but Fed SC would
not overturn. - Law wrote to expire in 1801 in case Feds lost
election. - Despite violation of freedoms, Acts were very
popular.
48VA KY Resolutions
- Jefferson (secretly) Madison write resolutions
adopted by KY VA legislatures arguing
nullification. - US govt had overstepped bounds, compact with
states had been violated.
49VA KY Resolutions (2)
- As a result, states could nullify federal laws,
specific-ally the Alien Sedition Acts. - Feds response its people, not states, that
formed union, therefore up to SC to nullify.
50Feds vs. Democratic-Rep.
- Federalists in 1800 campaign held
- Rule by the best people.
- Distrusted full-blown democracy.
- Advocated strong central govt to crush
democratic excess (Shays). - Govt should support enterprise.
- Pro-British (trade)
51Feds vs. Democratic-Rep. (2)
- Jefferson led Democratic-Republicans, appealed to
middle class, underprivileged. - So-called traitor to his upper class, Jefferson
opposed any kind of tyranny.
52Feds vs. Democratic-Rep. (3)
- Dem-Reps in 1800 campaign held
- Weak central govt, most power retained by
states. - No special privileges for upper class,
manufacturers (agriculture most important). - Rule by people, voting for all literate, educated.
53Feds vs. Democratic-Rep. (4)
- Importance of land ownership to democracy, sadly
req'd slavery. - Jefferson championed free speech, press to expose
misdeeds of tyranny. - Pro-French supported liberal ideals of French
Revolution.
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