Title: Manifest Destiny
1Manifest Destiny
2- Away, away with all these cobweb tissues of
the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement.
(The American claim) is by the right of our
manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the
whole of the continent which Providence has given
us for the development of the great experiment of
liberty. - John OSullivan Democratic Review 1845
3Manifest Destiny
- divine mission
- Fever Pitch in the 1840s
- Driven by
- Nationalism
- Population increase
- Rapid economic development
- Technological advances
- Reform ideals
4All American were not united behind the idea of
manifest destiny and expansion.
- Who do you think would oppose expansion?
5American Pioneers 1820s-1830s
- South- Texas
- West- Oregon Territory
6TEXAS
- Mexican Independence 1823
- Mexico wants to attract settlers
- Moses Austin
- Large tract
- Dies
- Son Stephen Austin
- 300 families
- By 1830- Americans outnumber Mexicans
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8TROUBLE!
- 1829- Mexico
- Outlaws slavery
- Required immigrants to convert to Roman
Catholicism - Settlers- NO WAY!
- Mexico colosed Texas to additional immigrants.
9Trouble Intensify
- 1834- General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna DICATATOR
- Abolishes federal system of government.
- Insists on enforcing Mexican laws in Texas
10REVOLT
- Sam Houston Friends
- Declare Texas to be an independent republic.
March 1836
11Santa Anna
- Captures Goliad
- Attacks Alamo
- Stopped at the Battle of Jacinto River
- Forced to sign treaty
- Recognized Texas independence
- Granted new republic all territory north of the
Rio Grande. - Mexican legislature rejected the treaty.
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13TEXAS Free and Independent
- 10 YEARS
- ISSUES
- pay off the debts
- had to secure formal recognition
- contend with a very unhappy Mexico,
14ANNEXATION
- Houston applied for annexation.
- Jackson and Van Buren- NO
- Why?
- Political opposition
- Fear of the Expansion of Slavery
- Threat of War with Mexico
15President W. H. Harrison
- Figurehead for the Whigs
- Real Leaders
- Daniel Webster Secretary of State
- Henry Clay Senate
- Died of pneumonia
- Only President for 4 weeks.
16John Tyler Becomes President
- Old School Virginian
- Whig- only because hates Jackson
- Democrat in Whigs Clothing?
- On ticket- fringe group Jeffersonian states
righters
17Whig Party was
- Eclectic
- Pro-Bank
- Pro-Protective Tariff
- Pro-Internal Improvements
18Whigs work for.
- Financial reform
- Law ending treasury system
- JT signs it.
- Bill for a Fiscal Bank (New Bank of the United
States) - JT Vetoes it.
- Pass another bill- Fiscal Corporation
- JT Vetoes it too!
19Who is happy?
20Whos not?
- WHIG EXTREMISTS
- Condemn Tyler as
- His accidency
- Executive Ass
- Tyler Grippe
- Formally kick Tyler from the Party
- Try to impeach him
- Tylers ENTIRE cabinet RESIGNS
- Except for Webster
21Whigs Propose a Tarrif
- Revenue from the sale of pubic lands would be
distrubuted among the states. - JT Why squander federal money when the federal
treasury is not overfloing - Vetoes Tarrif
22Whigs redraft Tariff Bill
- No more dollar distribution scheme.
- Push down rates ( back to 1832 level)
- JT signs it
23WAR OF WORDS WITH BRITAIN
24Anti- British feelings
- Memories of
- American Revolution
- War of 1812
- No more pro-British Federalists
- British saw Americans as crude.
- Lenders
25Insurrection in Canada
- 1837- small group of Canadians rebel.
- US Neutral
- Americans furnish supplies and volunteers.
- Steamer- Carolina - Niagra River
- Attacked by British
- Set ship on fire
- 1 American died
- unlawful invasion of America soil
- US Protests- inneffective
26McLeod Speaks Out- Arrested and Indited
- London exexution means WAR.
- McLeod- alibi
- Convinced NY Jury
27Case of the Creole
- Settled by Webster and Ashburton
- The Creole - New Orleans - 135 slaves-mutiny the
death of one of the owners. - The ship - Bahamas - slaves were freed.
- Great Britain eventually paid 110,330 to the
United States on the grounds that forcible
seizure of a ship did not suspend the operation
of U.S. law. - outside of the treaty, Great Britain agreed to
end the impressment of American sailors.
28Boundary Dispute 1840s
- Maine/Canadian province of New Brunswick
- Conflict between rival groups of lumbermen
- Aroostook War Battle of the Maps
- Resolved by
- Daniel Webster Sec. Of State
- Lord Alexander Ashburton British Ambassador
- Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842
- Disputed Territory split between Amineand British
Canada - Settled boundary of the Minnesota Territory (
Mesabi Range- iron rich!) The Accession of Tyler
Too
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30Slave Ships
- Secretary Webster would not agree to British
inspection of U.S. ships suspected of carrying
slaves, - did agree that U.S. warships would be maintained
off the coast of Africa to search suspected
slavers flying the American flag. - United States did not implement this agreement
very vigorously until the Civil War began.
31The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone
- Texas -building reinforcements
- made treaties with France, Holland, and Belgium.
- America could not just boldly annex Texas without
a war. - Britain wanted an independent Texas to check
American expansionismplus, Texas could be good
for cotton.
32Election of 1844
- Whig Henry Clay
- Popular
- Defeated twice
- opposed to annexation of Texas
- Democrat James Polk
- first "dark horse" President, couldnt agree on
anyone else - Tennessee legislature
- friend of Andrew Jackson.
- Speaker between 1835 and 1839
- Governor of Tennessee.
- asserted that Texas should be "re-annexed" and
all of Oregon "re-occupied. - linked the Texas issue, popular in the South,
with the Oregon question, attractive to the
North. - favored acquiring California.
- .
33Lame Duck President Tyler
- Arranged for Annexation of Texas by a joint
resolution - Req. only a simple majority in both houses.
- Passed in early 1845
- Texas- formally invited to become the 28th STATE
34What about OREGON?
35Claimed at one time by
- SPAIN
- Lost Florida Treaty of 1819
- RUSSIA
- Made treaties 1824 1825- border 54 40
- BRITAIN
- Strong claims ( N. Columbia River)
- Hudason Bay Trading Co.
- US
- Robert Cray 1792
- Lewis and Clark 1804-1806
- Missionaries
36Treaty of 1818
- Divided the area at the 49th parallel
- British wanted the Columbia River
37Willamette Valley
- American settlers
- Missonaries
38Oregon FEVER 5000 AMERICANS
700 BRITISH
39Polk Seeks Compromise
- Agreed to divided Oregon Territory at the 49th
parallel - British get
- Vancouver Island
- Rights to navigate Columbia River
- Treaty goes to Senate
- Mixed Reviews
40WAR WITH MEXICO
411845- Polk Sends Slidell to Mexico
- Why?
- Persuade Mexico to sell California and New Mexico
- Settle a dispute about the Mexican/Texan border
- US- Neueces River
- Mexico- Rio Grande
- Mission FAILS
42Immediate Cause of War
- Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor - Rio Grande
- April 24, 1846- Mexican army crossed Rio Grande
- Captured American army patrol
- Kills 11 Americans.
43Polk Sends War Message To Congress
- The existing state of the relations between the
United States and Mexico renders it proper that I
should bring the subject to the consideration of
Congress.... - The strong desire to establish peace with Mexico
on liberal and honorable terms, and the readiness
of this Government to regulate and adjust our
boundary and other causes of difference with that
power on such fair and equitable principles as
would lead to permanent relations of the most
friendly nature, induced me in September last to
seek the reopening of diplomatic relations
between the two countries.... An envoy of the
United States repaired to Mexico with full powers
to adjust every existing difference. But though
present on the Mexican soil by agreement between
the two Governments, invested with full powers,
and bearing evidence of the most friendly
dispositions, his mission has been unavailing.
The Mexican Government not only refused to
receive him or listen to his propositions, but
after a long-continued series of menaces have at
last invaded our territory and shed the blood of
our fellow-citizens on our own soil.
44RESPONSE
- Northern Whigs
- Oppose war
- Doubted America blood had been shed on American
soil - SPOT RESOULTION
- Large Majority both houses support war
45Military Campaigns
46Consequences of the War
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Mexican Cession 1848
- Mexico would recognize the Rio Grande as the
southern border of Texas - United States would take possession of Californai
and New Mexico. - US would pay 15 million and assume the claims of
American citizens against Mexico. - Oppostion
- Some Whigs - immoral to expand slavery
- Some Democrats- should have taken all of Mexico
47Wilmot Proviso
- 1846- Penn Congressmen David Wilmot
- Proposed that an appropriations bill be amended
to forbid slavery in any of the new teririories
acquired from Mexico. - Passed House 2x
- Defeated in Senate
48Prelude to Civil War??
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51Texas formally invited to become the 28th state.
52Oregon Fever!
- stretched from the northern tip of California to
the 54 40 line. - Claims
- Once claimed by Russia, Spain
- England
- good reasons
- north of the Columbia River was populated by
British and by the Hudsons Bay Company. - US
- strong claims south of the Columbia River
- Well populated.
53Polk As President
- lower the tariff, and his secretary of the
treasury, Robert J. Walker, did so, lowering the
tariff from 32 to 25 despite complaints by the
industrialists. - Despite warnings of doom, the new tariff was
followed by good times. - restored the independent treasury in 1846
- wanted to acquire California and settle the
Oregon dispute. - British proposed a treaty that would separate
British and American claims at the 49th parallel
(excluding Vancouver), a proposal that Polk threw
to the Senate, which accepted. - Those angry with the deal cried, Why all of
Texas but not all of Oregon?
54The Debate Over Oregon
- Senator George McDuffie Belittles Oregon (1843)
- Senator Edward Hannegan Demands 5440 (1846)
- Two Pioneers Describe Oregon ( 1847)
- A British View of the Oregon Territory (1846)
55Oregon Trail
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