Psychoneuroimmunology

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• New filed of study of genetic, hormonal, neural,
  and psychological interactions with immune system
  activity
• It includes three areas of bodily functioning
• Psychological dimension
• Nervous system
• Immune functioning

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Immune system
• Indirect measures
• Immune-sensitive growth
• Viral activity
• Direct measures
• of immune cells
• Lymph nodes and spleen
• The extent to which changes in the of cells
  reflect the release of cells to sites where they
  are needed

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Direct Measures (continued)
• Functional capacity
• Proliferation
• Process allows conservation of energy by making
  it possible to maintain low of circulating
  cells
• NKC

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Endocrine Pathways
• Circulating epinephrine encounters and attaches
  itself to beta receptors on lympohocytes
• Decreases cells function
• Cortisol is associated with
• damage to the thymus and lymph tissues
• reduced antibody production by B cells
• poorer lymphocyte proliferation

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Glucocorticoids
• Reduce the release of interleukins
• Interleukin-1
• Acute and Chronic stress
• time

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Conditioning and Immunity

• Ader and Cohen (1981)
• Cyclophosphamide (CY)
• A drug with immunosuppressive properties that
  causes nausea and vomiting
• Result conditioned immunosuppression
• Have these studies been replicated in humans?
• IC E-----NKC

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Why is conditioned immunosuppression important?

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Antitumor functions can also be conditioned
• Ghanta et al., 1994
• Novel stimulus and initial chemotherapy

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Stress and immunity

• ____________ degree to which an antigen is
  identified, destroyed, disposed of by immune
  cells

immunosurveillance
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Stress and Immunity

• Immunosurveillance
• Sakakibara studies involved chemically induced
  tumors
• One group exposed to bright flashing light for 8
  hours each day
• Second group exposed to continuous light
• Third group exposed to continuous dark
• Control group exposed to normal lighting
  conditions

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Stress and Immunity

• Blastogenesis

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Social support
• For same disease
• People w/ lowest social support have
  approximately 2.5 times greater rate of mortality
  than those with highest social support

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Latent viruses
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Varicella-zoster
• When do they emerge?

Herpes DNA
Hypothalamus
Glucocorticoids and immune defenses
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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Based on 4 main components
• Organism has been stressed
• Stress-response is activated
• Duration magnitude of stress-response is enough
  to suppress immune function
• 4. Increases risk of infection due to
  compromised immune system

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Psychoneuroimmunology

• Lifestyle route
• Psychosocial change
• Change stress level
• Changes in
• Health behaviors
• Adherence
• Protective risk factors

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Smoking and the Immune System

• Weve already discussed smoking, the release of
  E, and Es effect on the immune system, but are
  there are any potential pathways in which smoking
  affects immune function
• Respiratory tract
• Proliferation
• Immunity following smoking cessation

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AIDS

• It is caused by infection with Human
  Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Attacks T-helper cells
• Disrupts cellular immunity
• Increases ones risk to opportunistic infections
• Pneumonia
• Kaposis sarcoma

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HIV

• Body produces antibodies against HIV
• Stages of disease
• Early stages
• Middle stages
• Decrease in T cells
• Increase in fungal/bacterial infections
• Night sweats, loss of appetite, skin rashes
• Mild cognitive impairment
• Advanced stages
• Dementia
• death

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HIV

• Psychosocial interventions
• Target of interventions
• Antoni (2004)

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AIDS

• Human lympocytes in a petri dish
• w/ and without glucocorticoids
• Norepinephrine
• Facilitate virus ability to invade lymphocytes
• Enhances replication