THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

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THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

• GENETIC FACTORS
• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• THE BRAIN
• THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION
• NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
• PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
• INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
  SYSTEMS

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THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION

• Neuroanatomy
• Neuropathology
• Neurochemistry
• Neuropharmacology
• Neuropsychology

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THE NEURON
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Types of Neurons
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Communication

• Neurons fire
• Action Potential releases neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and
  bind to the post-synaptic membrane of the
  neighboring neuron(s)
• Excitatory or inhibitory
• The circle of events continues
• The network of neural cells is highly specialized

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e/brain/game/specimens/specimens.html
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Purkinje Cell   Main players in the
cerebellum   Long Distance Connections  
Most number of connections
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The Brain
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BROCAS AREA FOR SPEECH
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BRAIN AT 15 WEEKS GESTATION
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BRAIN AT 32 WEEKS GESTATION
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• cerebellum

pons
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• Medulla
• Breathing
• Heart rate regulation
• Pons
• Reticular formation
• Sleep
• Arousal
• Cerebellum
• Many fine folds large surface area
• Muscle movement muscle tone
• Balance
• Some learning memory

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Divisions of the Brain

• Hindbrain
• Medulla
• Reticular formation
• Cerebellum
• Midbrain
• Dopamine produced
• Relay of visual and auditory signals
• Forebrain
• Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
• thalamus
• Telencephalon
• cortex

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THE BRAIN
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Diencephalon

• Thalamus
• relay station for sensory information (except
  smell)
• Directs sensory signals to appropriate areas of
  cortex
• Hypothalamus
• Involved in motivated behavior (feeding,
  drinking, sex)
• Regulates the internal environment of the body
• Fight-or-flight response
• Endocrine System
• Temperature Control

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LIMBIC LOBE GRAPHIC OVERLAY
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Limbic System
Hippocampus
(blue)
(purple)
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Basal Ganglia

• Initiates Movement
• e.g., walking
• Gross motor control
• Many smaller structures
• Affected in Parkinsons

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Sensorimotor Cortex, Left Hemisphere
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OLFACTORY TRACT
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BRAIN IMAGING

• COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (MRS)
• SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  (SPECT)
• POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT)

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POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY(PT SCAN)
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PET SCAN NORMAL AND PARKINSONS DISEASE
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