Stress

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Stress

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• A negative emotional state occurring in response
  to events that are perceived as taxing or
  exceeding a persons resources or ability to cope

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Health psychology

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• The branch of psychology that studies how
  biological, behavioral, and social factors
  influence health, illness, medical treatment, and
  health-related behaviors

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Biopsychosocial model

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• The belief that physical health and illness are
  determined by the complex interaction of
  biological, psychological , and social factors

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Stressors

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• Events or situations that are perceived as
  harmful, threatening, or challenging

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Daily hassles

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• Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people

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Conflict

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• A situation in which a person feels pulled
  between two or more opposing desires, motives, or
  goals

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Acculturative stress

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• The stress that results from the pressure of
  adapting to a new culture

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Fight-or-flight response
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• A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical
  reactions that prepare people either to fight or
  take flight from an immediate threat

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Catecholamines
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• Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that
  cause rapid physiological arousal include
  adrenaline and noradrenaline

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General adaptation syndrome

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• Selyes term for the three-stage progression of
  physical changes that occur when and organism is
  exposed to intense and prolonged stress. The
  three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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Corticosteroids
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• Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play
  a key role in the bodys response to long-term
  stressors

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Immune system

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• Body system that produces specialized white blood
  cells that protect the body from viruses,
  bacteria, and tumor cells

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Lymphocytes

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• Specialized white blood cells that are
  responsible for immune defenses

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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• An interdisciplinary field that studies the
  interconnections among psychological processes,
  nervous and endocrine system functions, and the
  immune system

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Optimistic explanatory style

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• Accounting for negative events or situations with
  external, unstable, and specific explanations

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Pessimistic explanatory style

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• Accounting for negative events or situations with
  internal, stable, and global explanations.

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Type A behavior pattern

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• A behavioral and emotional style characterized by
  a sense of time urgency, hostility, and
  competitiveness

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Social support

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• The resources provided by other people in times
  of need

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Coping

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• Behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal
  with stressors involves efforts to change
  circumstances, or your interpretation of
  circumstances, to make them more favorable and
  less threatening

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Problem focused coping

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• Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly
  changing or managing a threatening or harmful
  stressor

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Emotion-focused coping

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• Coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or
  regulating the emotional impact of a stressful
  situation

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Robert Ader (b. 1932)

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• American psychologist who, with immunologist
  Nicholas Cohen, first demonstrated that immune
  system responses could be classically
  conditioned helped establish the new
  interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology

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Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

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• American physiologist who made several important
  contributions to psychology, especially in the
  study of emotions. Described the fight-or-flight
  response, which involves the sympathetic nervous
  system and the endocrine system

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Janice Kiecolt-Glaser (b. 1951)
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• American psychologist who, with immunologist
  Ronald Glaser, has conducted extensive research
  on the effects of stress on the immune system

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Richard Lazarus (b. 1922)

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• American psychologist who helped promote the
  cognitive perspective in the study of emotion and
  stress developed the cognitive appraisal model
  of stress and coping with co-researcher Susan
  Folkman

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Martin Seligman (b. 1942)

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• American psychologist who conducted research on
  explanatory style and the role it plays in
  stress, health, and illness

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Hans Selye (1907-1982)

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• Canadian endocrinologist who was a pioneer in
  stress research defined stress as the
  nonspecific response of the body to any demand
  placed on it and described a three-stage
  response to prolonged stress that he termed the
  general adaptation syndrome