20c China:

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20c China From Republic to Communist Power
By Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
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Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)
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Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Yuan Shi-kai
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China in 1924
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Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)
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Mao With His Children, 1930s
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Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist
China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)
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The Long March 1934
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The Long March
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Survivors of the March
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Japan Invades China 1937
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Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945
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Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.
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Japanese Soldiers March into NankingDecember 9,
1937
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The Japanese Invasion, 1937
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Remains of Chinese Children Bayonetedby Japanese
Soldiers
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Japanese Bayonet Practice
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Beheadings Took Place in Public!
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Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded Displayed
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UNIT 731 Bio-Chemical Warfare
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UNIT 731 Live Human Dissections
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The Communist Revolution 1946 - 1949
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The Peoples Liberation Army, 1949
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The Communist Victory
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Taiwan The Republic of China
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Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)
(Chiang Kai-shek)
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Madame Jiang Jieshu
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The Peoples Republic of China
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Reasons for the Communists Success

• Mao won support of peasants land
• Mao won support of women
• Maos army used guerilla war tactics
• Many saw the Nationalist government as
  corrupt
• Many felt that the Nationalists allowed
  foreigners to dominate China.

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Communism Under Mao Zedong º After taking
control of China, the Communists began to tighten
their hold. º Like the Soviets, the Chinese
Communists set up two parallel organizations, the
Communist Party and the national government. Mao
headed both until 1959. º
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Mao's Brand of Marxist Socialism 1st 5 year
plan Mao was determined to reshape China's
economy based on Marxist socialism. ºAlthough 89
percent of the people lived in rural areas, 10
percent of the rural population controlled 70
percent of the farmland. º Under the Agrarian
Reform Law of 1950, Mao seized the holdings of
these landlords and divided the land among the
peasants. º Later, to further Mao's socialist
principles, the government forced peasants to
join collective farms. Each of these farms was
comprised of 200 to 300 households.
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Maos 1st 5 Year Plan (continued)
Mao's changes also transformed industry and
business. º Gradually, private companies were
nationalized, or brought under government
ownership. º In 1953, Mao launched a five-year
plan that set high production goals for industry.
º By 1957, China's output of coal, cement,
steel, and electricity had increased
dramatically.
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The Great Leap Forward (or Backward?) 1958-1961
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Great Leap Forward, 1958

• 5 year plan to increase agriculture and
  industry
• Communes
• Groups of people who live and work together
• Property held in common
• Had production quotas
• Failed due to poor quality of products, poor
  weather hurt agriculture

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The Great Leap Forward" To expand the success
of the first five-year plan, Mao proclaimed the
"Great Leap Forward" in early 1958. º This plan
called for still larger collective farms, or
communes. By the end of 1958, about 26,000
communes had been created. The average commune
sprawled over 15,000 acres and supported over
25,000 people. º In the strictly controlled life
of the communes, peasants worked the land
together. They ate in communal dining rooms,
slept in communal dormitories, and raised
children in communal nurseries. And they owned
nothing.
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º The peasants had no incentive to work hard when
only the state profited from their labor. º The
Great Leap Forward was a giant step backward. º
Poor planning and inefficient "backyard," or
home, industries hampered growth. º The program
was ended in 1961 after crop failures caused a
famine that killed about 20 million people.
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Communist China Under Mao

• Industrialized China
• Increased literacy
• Class privileges ended
• Rural Chinese received health care
• One-party dictatorship
• Denied people basic rights and freedoms --gt
  Inner Mongolia, Tibet

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Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954

• Tibet --gt an autonomous area.
• Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to
  India.

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A Campaign Against the FOUR OLDS

• Old Thoughts
• Old Culture
• Old Customs
• Old Habits

To Rebel Is Good!
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Changes in China
º After the failure of the Great Leap Forward,
Mao reduced his role in government. º Other
leaders moved away from Mao's strict socialist
ideas. º For example, farm families could live
in their own homes and could sell crops they grew
on small private plots. º Factory workers could
compete for wage increases and promotions.
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The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966 -
1976
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Communist China Under Mao

• Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and
  establish a more equitable society
• Mao wanted to put intellectuals in their
  place
• Schools shut down students revolted
• Red Guards students who attacked
  professors, government officials, factory
  managers

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Mao thought China's new economic policies
weakened the communist goal of social equality.
º In 1966, he urged China's young people to
"learn revolution by making revolution." º
Millions of high school and college students
responded. They left their classrooms and formed
militia units called Red Guards.  
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A Red Guard
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Red Guards March to Canton
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The Red Guards led a major uprising known as the
Cultural Revolution - . º Its goal was to
establish a society of peasants and workers in
which all were equal. º The new hero was the
peasant who worked with his hands. º
Intellectual and artistic activities were
considered useless and dangerous. Red Guards shut
down colleges and schools and targeted anyone who
resisted the regime. Intellectuals had to
"purify" themselves by doing hard labor in remote
villages. Thousands were executed or imprisoned.
º Chaos threatened farm production and closed
down factories. Civil war seemed possible. º The
army was ordered to put down the Red Guards.
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With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao,
cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the
great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the
word 'Usefullness'. (1968)
Cult of Personality
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The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart,
Chairman Mao, and us togetherZhejiang Workers,
Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968
Maos Little Red Book
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Propaganda Poster
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Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and
into the thick of struggle!1967-1972
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Propaganda Poster
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Propaganda Poster
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Propaganda Poster
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Maos Program Results First Five-Year
Plan 1953-1957 ?Industry grew 15 percent a
year ?Agricultural output grew very slowly Great
Leap Forward 1958-1961 ?China suffered economic
disaster industrial declines and food
shortages ?Mao lost influence Cultural
Revolution 1966-1976 ?Mao regained influence by
backing radicals ?Purges and conflicts among
leaders created economic, social, and political
chaos
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Ping-Pong Diplomacy U. S. Players at Great
Wall, 1971
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Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972
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Power Struggle
Communist Traditionalists
Modernists
1976
Zhou Enlai
The Gang of Four Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang
Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan
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Communist Government and a Capitalist Economy
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Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997)
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De-Maoization
The 4 ModernizationsProgress in

• Agriculture
• Industry
• Science
• Defense

Class struggle was no longer the central focus!
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Economic Reforms Unlike Mao, Deng Xiaoping was
willing to use capitalist ideas to help China's
economy. He embraced a set of goals known as the
Four Modernizations, which called for progress in
agriculture, industry, defense, and science and
technology. To accomplish these goals. º Deng
eliminated Mao's communes and leased the land to
individual farmers. The farmers paid rent by
delivering a fixed quota of food to the
government. They could then grow crops and sell
them for a profit. º Under this system, food
production increased by 50 percent in the years
1978 to 1984.
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Economic Reforms (continued) Deng extended his
program to industry. º The government permitted
private businesses to operate. º It gave the
managers of state-owned industries more freedom
to set production goals. º Deng also welcomed
foreign technology and investment. º Deng's
economic policies produced striking changes in
Chinese life. As incomes increased, people began
to buy appliances and televisions. Gleaming
hotels filled with foreign tourists symbolized
China's new openness.
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º Deng's economic reforms produced a number of
unexpected problems. As living standards
improved, the gap between the rich and poor
widened. º Increasingly, the public believed
that party officials profited from their
positions. º Furthermore, the new policies
admitted not only Western investments and
tourists but also Western political ideas.
Increasing numbers of Chinese students studied
abroad and learned about the West. º In Deng's
view, the benefits of opening the economy
exceeded the risks. º Nevertheless, as Chinese
students learned more about democracy, they began
to question China's lack of political freedom.
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Gap Between Rich Poor
Deng If you open a window, some flies
naturally get in!
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In 1989, students sparked a popular uprising that
stunned China's leaders. º Beginning in April of
that year, more than 100,000 students occupied
Tiananmen (tyahn ahn mehn) Square, a huge public
space in the heart of Beijing. º The students
mounted a protest for democracy. When thousands
of students began a hunger strike to highlight
their cause, people poured into Tiananmen Square
to support them. º Many students called for Deng
Xiaoping to resign.
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º Deng responded by declaring martial law and
surrounding Beijing with about 100,000 troops. º
About 5,000 students remained in the square. º
These students revived their spirits by defiantly
erecting a 33-foot statue that they named the
"Goddess of Democracy." º On June 4, 1989, the
standoff came to an end as thousands of heavily
armed soldiers stormed Tiananmen Square. Tanks
smashed through barricades and crushed the
Goddess of Democracy. Soldiers sprayed gunfire
into crowds of frightened students. º They also
attacked protesters elsewhere in Beijing. º The
assault killed hundreds and wounded thousands.
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º The attack on Tiananmen Square marked the
beginning of a massive government campaign to
stamp out protest. º Police arrested thousands
of people. The state used the media to announce
that reports of a massacre were untrue. º
Officials claimed that a small group of criminals
had plotted against the government. º Television
news, however, had already broadcast the truth to
the world.
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
DemocracyOur Common Ideal!
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
TheGoddessofDemocracy
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
One Lone Mans Protest
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre The Peoples Army Moves In
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre A Human Body Crushed by an Army
Tank
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Army Looks for Dissidents
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student Leaders Are Arrested
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
Chinese Students Mourn the Dead
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Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Reestablishment of Order
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China Enters the New Millennium
Deng died in February 1997. Communist Party
General Secretary Jiang Zemin (jeeahng zehmeen)
assumed the presidency. One issue he faced was
the status of Hong Kong, a thriving business
center and British colony on the southeastern
coast of China. On July 1, 1997, Great Britain
handed Hong Kong over to China, ending 155 years
of colonial rule. As part of the transfer, China
promised to respect Hong Kong's economic system
and political liberties for 50 years.
Nevertheless, in the first four or five years
after the transfer, the control of mainland China
over Hong Kong tightened. After Jiang announced
his retirement in late 2002, Hu Jintao became
president of the country and general secretary of
the Communist Party.
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Whats the Message Here?
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Demography

• may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade
  data. But of the two momentous changes
  championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century
  ago, coercive population controls and
  experiments with market economics, the jury is
  still out on which will do more to shape China's
  long-term potential.

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Demography
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Demography

• There are too many retirees in China, and not
  enough young people to replace them.

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Demography

• "The evidence is overwhelming that a large
  population of unmarried adult males is a risk
  factor for both crime and war," Ms. den Boer
  said in an interview. "The fact that China is
  an authoritarian country is another risk
  factor."