BLACK HOLE

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BLACK HOLE
Movie courtesy Wolfgang Steffen, University
Guadalajara, Mexico
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QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY


QUASAR MICROQUASAR
Mirabel Rodriguez, Nature 1998

• The scales of length and time
• are proportional to MBH
• Rsh 2GMBH/c2 DT a MBH
• The maximum color temperature of the accretion
  disk is Tcol a (M/ 10M?)-1/4
• ? MICROQUASARS HAD TO WAIT THE ERA OF HIGH ENERGY
  ASTROPHYSICS

BASED ON PHYSICS, NOT JUST ON MORPHOLOGY
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SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs AGN

• OBSERVED IN 30 QSOs AGN
• IN RADIO OPTICAL WAVES
• PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS
• Vapp UP TO 20c
• WHAT IS THE NATURE ?
• PLASMONS OR SHOCKS ?

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A SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A mQSO AT THE TIME OF
A SUDDEN DIP IN THE 20-100 KeV FLUX
VLA
THE PLASMA THAT RADIATES IN THE HARD X-RAYS IS
BLOWN IN SUPERLUMINAL JETS
1 arcsec
l3.6 cm
Vapp 1.3c DISTANCE 12.5 Kpc
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SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY

WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOs
Mirabel Rodriguez, 1994

• MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY 103 TIMES FASTER
• JETS ARE TWO-SIDED WHICH ALLOWS TO SOLVE
  EQUATIONS
• BETTER AGN AT lt100 Mpc. e.g. Collimation _at_ 30-100
  Rsh in M87 (Biretta)

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GRS 1915105 EJECTION EVENTS
VLA (Rodriguez Mirabel, 1999)
Also with MERLIN (Fender et al. 01) Bulk G
(1 b2 )-1/2 5
Fireballs (Mezaros Rees) versus Cannonballs (D
aar De Rujula)
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RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN
JETS
Same bulk Lorentz factors as in QSOs 2-10
Relativistic upper limit D lt 14 kpc
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RELATIVISTIC METHOD FOR DISTANCES IN ASTRONOMY
FROM PROPER MOTIONS
IF THE JETS ARE DOMINATED BY ELECTRON-PROTON
PLASMA
FROM DOPPLER FACTOR OF ION LINES

• IF ANTISYMMETRIC, THE VELOCITY, DIRECTION OF THE
  JETS, DISTANCE TO THE SOURCE CAN BE FOUND.
• BUT SPECTRAL LINES SO FAR DIFFICULT TO DETECT,
• EXCEPT SS 433 WHERE H, He, AND Fe LINES ARE FOUND

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LARGE-SCALE JETS (W50/SS433)

• VLA l20cm (Dubner, Goss,
  Mirabel)
• ROSAT X-rays (Brinkmann,Aschenbach
  , Kawai)

1o 60 pc
CHANDRA ARC-SEC TWO-SIDED JET OUTFLOW
(Migliari Fender) Material half a year
downstream is reheated to T gt 107 K and
re-accelerated ASCA HADRONIC JETS WITH V
0.26c IN THE X-RAYS Small scale version of Cygnus
A ? POTENTIAL SOURCES OF TeV NEUTRINOS (Waxman
et al. Guetta et al.) gt1016 eV protons interact
with synchrotron photons ? 1-100 TeV neutrino
emission
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RECENT HIGHLIGHT FROM CHANDRA(Presented at the
fourth Microquasar workshop in Corseganext in
China)
MOVING X-RAY JETS IN THE mQSO XTE J1550-564
(Corbel et al)

• m 21.2 /- 7.2 mas/day ? Vapp (0.34-0.93)c
• Possible deceleration
• Synchrotron spectrum

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20 mQUASARS IN THE GALAXY(Mirabel Rodriguez,
ARAA 1999)
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HORIZON IS THE BASIC CONCEPT THAT DEFINES A
BLACK HOLE

• But because an horizon cannot be seen or
  touch
• it is not possible to demonstrate the existence
  of
• a black holehowever during simultaneous
• multiwavelength observations we found
• A STRIKING ABSCENCE OF EVIDENCE
• FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE IN A
• COMPACT OBJECT THAT HAS MASS

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à neutrons
tcombustion gt tchute
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ACCRETION JET CONNECTION
DT a MBH
MATTER RADIATING IN X-RAYS GOES BEYOND THE
HORIZON ? JETS APPEAR 5 MIN AFTER
DISAPPEARANCE OF THE INNER DISK ? ABSENCE OF
EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE
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QSO 3C 120 AS A SCALE-UP mQSO
Marscher et al. Nature 2002
THE JETS ALSO APPEAR SHORTLY AFTER SUDDEN X-RAY
DIPS
TQSO/ TmQSO 5x105 whereas MQSO/ MmQSO
5x106 But these differences are small compared
with data uncertainties
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ACCRETION AND EJECTION IN 3C 120
Marscher et al. Nature 2002