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Inleiding in de Filosofie en de Ethiek
Docent Hub Zwart http//www.filosofie.sci.kun.nl
/ http//www.filosofie.sci.kun.nl/education/f1bm.
html Prof. Dr Hub Zwart Afdeling Filosofie
Wetenschapstudies haezwart_at_sci.kun.nl A2047
Secretaresse Saskia Segers ssegers_at_sci.kun.nl htt
p//www.kun.nl/fil-beta/index.htm
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Filosofie een kritische of normatieve wetenschap
Wetenschapsfilosofie kritisch onderzoek naar de
betrouwbaarheid van wetenschappelijke kennisclaims
Ethiek normen voor omgang met proefpersonen,
proefdieren, milieu, kennis, informatie,
schaarse hulpbronnen, etc.
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 Education / Onderwijs prof. dr Hub Zwart KUN FNWI
 
 Filosofie 1 Inleiding in de Filosofie en de Ethiek Voor Studenten "Levenswetenschappen" (Biologie, Moleculaire Levenswetenschappen en Milieu-wetenschappen)
 Education
 Research
 C.V.
 Publications
 Bibliographies
 Links
 
Opzet    Overzicht    College-dictaten
   Opdrachten
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   Datum Onderwerp
    I. Dierfilosofie
1 16.4 Dierfilosofie
2 16.4 Dierethiek
II. Milieufilosofie
3 14.5 Natuurbeelden
4 28.5 Milieu-ethiek
III. Biotechnologie
5 4.6 Angst voor wetenschap
6 11.6 Voedselethiek
7 18.6 Biotechnologie
8 25.6 Genomics
 Education
 Opzet
 Overzicht
 College-dictaten
 Opdrachten
 Wat is filosofie?
 Wat is ethiek? 









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Natuurlijke historie
1800 biologie
Observeren Classificeren Speculeren
Laboratorium-onderzoek Modelorganismen actief
observeren
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Aristoteles (384 - 322 v Chr)
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An animal with lungs, even a tortoise or a frog,
if one holds it under water too long, it will be
drowned. But it does not happen in the case of
fishes, try as we will Aristotle, On
Respiration
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René Descartes (1596-1650)
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William Harvey (1578 - 1657)
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Albrecht von Haller (1707-1777)
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Johannes Peter Müller (1801 1858)
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Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
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We must painfully acknowledge that, precisely
because of its great intellectual development,
the best of mans domesticated animals - the dog
- most often becomes the victim of physiological
experiments. It is extremely touching. The dog is
almost a participant in the experiments conducted
upon it, greatly facilitating the success of the
research by its understanding and compliance
(Pavlov 1893)
"When I dissect and destroy a living animal, I
hear within myself a bitter reproach that with
rough and blundering hand I am crushing an
incomparable artistic mechanism. But I endure
this in the interest of truth, for the benefit of
humanity"
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"this method was adopted as a result of a hint
given by one of the dogs subjected to the
operation. We (dr. Kuvshinski and I) gratefully
acknowledge that by its manifestation of common
sense the dog has helped us as well as itself
I regard the promotion of our surgical technique
to be a matter of greatest importance, because
the usual method of simply vivisecting the animal
in an acute experiment is, as is now becoming
clearer day by day, a major source of error,
since the act of crude violation of the organism
is accompanied by a mass of inhibitory influences
on the functions of the different organs. The
organism as a whole, the realization of the most
delicate and most expedient linking of an
enormous number of separate parts, cannot, in the
nature of things, remain passive to destructive
agents
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The desire ... to spare our experimental animals
as much as possible made us stricktly observe all
the precautions taken by surgeons in respect to
their patients
"Our healthy and happy animals did their
laboratory work with real gusto they always
rushed from their cages to the laboratory and
readily jumped on the tables where our
experiments and observations were conducted.
Believe me I am not exaggerating a iota. Thanks
to our surgical method in physiology we can
demonstrate phenomena of digestion without a
single scream from the animal undergoing the
experiment
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In almost all biological experiment,
particularly in hormone research, the rat has
made a place of honour for itself. Because of its
cooperation, though involuntary, he has
contributed to countless and important successes.
I feel that I am not only fulfilling a debt of
gratitude towards the rat but contributing
something towards its rehabilitation and
recognition by taking this opportunity to protest
against the prejudice of the public towards
these, my favourite test animals, and I would
like to convert my readers from the abhorrence in
which these really inoffensive little animals and
their habits are so often held (Eugene Steinach)
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Pavlov cultivated the image of laboratory dogs
that, after recovering from the surgical
operations, led normal, happy lives. The
reality was somewhat different. Many dogs died
and survivors usually developed fatal
conditions...
Whether or not they were happy and normal, they
lived much longer than those consumed in acute
experiments and this facilitated a relationship
with experimental dogs that sometimes resembled
that between pet and master (Daniel Todes, 2002,
p. 98).
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Wistar-rat (Rattus Norvegicus)
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Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
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Antropocentrisme
Fiat experimentum in corpore vili
Instrumentele en intrinsieke waarde
Handel zo dat je de ander niet alleen als middel
beschouwt, maar altijd ook als persoon (subject)
respecteert
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Russell Burch 1959

• Vervang

• Verminder

• Verfijn

• Replace
• Reduce
• Refine

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Dierenlaboratorium Dierexperimentencommissie DEC
Ongerief proefdier versus Maatschappelijk of
wetenschappelijk belang
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Eduardo Kac - Alba
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Glowfish
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Integriteit Intrinsieke waarde
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Verslaving Een onderzoeksgroep wil het verband
onderzoeken tussen traumatische jeugdervaringen
(zoals emotionele verwaarlozing op jonge
leeftijd) en de incidentie van verslaving aan
alcohol of drugs. Daartoe willen ze gebruik maken
van proefdieren. Het gaat om 40 ratten (20 ratten
in de controle-conditie, 20 ratten in de
experimentele conditie). De ratten in de
controle-conditie groeien op bij hun moeder. Hun
soortgenoten in de experimentele conditie worden
op jonge leeftijd van hun moeder gescheiden.
Wanneer de dieren volwassen zijn, worden ze in
een speciale kooi geplaatst waar ze zich zelf met
behulp van een pedaaltje alcohol of cocaïne
kunnen toedienen. De hypothese is dat ratten in
de experimentele conditie sneller verslaafd
zullen raken dan ratten in de experimentele
conditie. Na 3 weken worden de dieren gedood met
het oog op anatomisch onderzoek van relevante
hersengebieden. Ze leggen hun protocol voor aan
de DEC en benadrukken het maatschappelijke belang
van hun project. Verslaving is immers een ernstig
(en kostbaar) maatschappelijk probleem. Ze
vewachten dat hun onderzoek de mogelijkheden voor
preventie zullen bevorderen.