ANIMAL TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

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ANIMAL TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

• Chapter 30

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• A. Tissue Types
• Tissue a group of similar cells that work
  together to perform a specific function.
• Are 4 basic types of animal tissues
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Nervous
• Muscle

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• 1. Epithelial Tissue
• Consists of one or more layers of tightly packed
  cells deepest layer is anchored to a basement
  membrane.
• covers body surfaces
• lines hollow organs body cavities
• lacks blood vessels (avascular)
• functions in protection, absorption secretion

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• Epithelia are classified by
• Shape of cells
• squamous (flattened)
• cuboidal (cube-shaped)
• columnar (tall,thin)
• Number of layers
• simple (single layer of cells)
• stratified (more than one layer of cells)
• pseudostratified (single layer of cells appearing
  as more than one layer)

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Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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• 2. Connective Tissue
• Consists of widely spaced cells embedded in a
  non-living matrix.
• most possess blood vessels (vascular)
• functions are highly diverse
• Connective tissues are classified by matrix
  composition, types of fibers, cell
  specializations, and ratio of cells to matrix.

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• 3. Nervous Tissue
• Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia
  (support cells).

Typical neuron has dendrites, cell body axon.
Neurons function to transmit signals from one
part of the body to another.
Cell body
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• 4. Muscle Tissue
• Consists of contractile cells.
• provides voluntary involuntary movements
• contracts when actin myosin filaments slide
  past each other
• Three types

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• B. Organ Systems of Humans
• 1. Nervous System
• Detects, interprets responds to stimuli from
  outside within body.
• 2. Endocrine System
• Secretes hormones that travel in the bloodstream.
• Nervous endocrine systems integrate
  coordinate activities of all organ systems.

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• 3. Skeletal System
• Provides framework for muscles attachment
  contains bone marrow protects soft organs
  stores minerals.
• 4. Muscular System
• Enables body to move provides for heartbeat,
  digestion lung function.
• Skeletal muscular systems interact, enabling us
  to stand upright to move.

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• 5. Respiratory System
• Obtains O2 releases CO2.
• 6. Cardiovascular System
• Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones
  metabolic wastes.
• 7. Digestive System
• Breaks down nutrients eliminates undigested
  food.
• These 3 systems interact to provide us with
  energy (ATP).

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• 8. Integumentary System
• Serves as a barrier helps regulate body
  temperature conserves water.
• 9. Urinary System
• Excretes metabolic wastes maintains volume
  composition of body fluids.
• 10. Immune System
• Protects body from infection, injury cancer.
• These 3 systems protect the body.

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• 11. Reproductive System
• Enables an individual to produce gametes and the
  female to carry give birth of offspring.
• The reproductive system is not essential to
  survival of an individual however, it is vital
  for perpetuation of the species.

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• C. Organ System Interaction
• Organ systems interact to maintain homeostasis
  (stable internal environment).
• Ex. Maintenance of Body Temperature
• If temperature rises above 98.6oC
• - body sweats blood vessels below skin dilate.
• If temperature falls below 98.6oC
• - body shivers blood vessels below skin
  constrict.

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• Homeostasis of most biological functions is
  regulated by negative feedback.

Mechanism by which the products of a process
counteract (negate) the process.
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• Few biological functions are regulated by
  positive feedback.

Mechanism by which the products of a process
further activate the process.
Value increases
Departure from normal range
Value decreases
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• D. The Integumentary System
• 1. Structure of Human Skin
• Epidermis - outermost layer composed of
  stratified squamous epithelium.
• most cells produce accumulate keratin

• some cells (melanocytes) produce melanin

Epidermis is glued to underlying dermis by
laminin (protein).
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• Dermis - innermost layer composed of dense
  connective tissue.
• Contains
• blood vessels
• nervous tissue
• arrector pili muscles
• various epidermal derivatives
• Subcutaneous layer lies beneath skin consists of
  loose connective tissue adipose.

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• 2. Specializations of the Integument
• Epidermal derivatives

• Hair - produced by hair follicles embedded in
  dermis.

• Feathers - produced by feather follicles embedded
  in dermis.

• Nails, Claws, Hooves, Quills, Scales Rhinoceros
  horns - keratinized epidermal outgrowths.

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• Sweat glands - epidermal invaginations into the
  dermis produce sweat.
• Scent glands - modified sweat glands function in
  communication.
• Sebaceous glands - modified sweat glands produce
  sebum.
• Mammary glands - modified sweat glands produce
  milk in mammals.

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• Dermal derivatives
• Baleen - plates that hang from the roof of
  certain whales mouths.

• Bone Skin specializations
• Protrusions created when bone pushes the
  integument upwards.
• Beaks
• Horns
• Antlers