I' Climate

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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 1.
Gross Primary Productivity Total photosynthetic
productivity CO2 H20 -----gt Glucose O2
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 2.
Net Primary Productivity NPP GPP -
respiration (Plants use some of the energy they
absorb it is not stored as biomass. NPP is only
the amount stored as new biomass.
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity -
remember Energy Budgets??
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity -
remember Energy Budgets??
Metabolism
Growth
GPP
Reproduction
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity -
remember Energy Budgets??
RESPIRATION ------
Metabolism
Growth
GPP
NPP
Reproduction
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 3.
Net Secondary Productivity NSP Amt. of
energy animals STORE
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 3.
Net Secondary Productivity NSP Amt. of
energy animals STORE What would this depend
on....???????
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ANY DIFFERENCES, ENERGETICALLY???
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 3.
Net Secondary Productivity NSP Amt. of
energy animals STORE What would this depend
on....??????? ("warm-blooded" animals waste more
energy as heat, and store less as biomass....)
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 4.
Why does this matter??????????
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 4.
Why does this matter?????????? a. NPP is the
energy available to higher trophic levels.
(Can't eat "heat")
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 4.
Why does this matter?????????? a. NPP is the
energy available to higher trophic levels.
(Can't eat "heat") b. NPP is the energy
available to human civilizations.... as food,
timber, etc....
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 5.
Consequences a. trophic "pyramids"
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a. trophic "pyramids"
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
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a. trophic "pyramids"
Loss due to 2nd Law
NPP of HERBIVORES
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
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a. trophic "pyramids"
NPP of Primary Carnivores
Loss due to 2nd Law
NPP of HERBIVORES
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
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a. trophic "pyramids"
NPP of Secondary Carnivores
Loss due to 2nd Law
NPP of Primary Carnivores
NPP of HERBIVORES
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
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a. trophic "pyramids"
This is why large carnivores are RARE, and why
they have large RANGES
NPP of Secondary Carnivores
Loss due to 2nd Law
NPP of Primary Carnivores
NPP of HERBIVORES
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 5.
Consequences b. food webs
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 5.
Consequences b. food webs - more energy
available lower
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity 5.
Consequences b. food webs - mammal food
chains are short - fish, insect chains are
longer (less energy is lost as heat more is
available to higher levels, can support more
levels....)
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5. Consequences b. food webs - mammal
food chains are short - fish, insect chains
are longer (less energy is lost as heat more is
available to higher levels, can support more
levels....) - it's not this clean... there are
omnivores, detritivores, scavengers, etc.
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5. Consequences b. food webs - mammal
food chains are short - fish, insect chains
are longer (less energy is lost as heat more is
available to higher levels, can support more
levels....) - it's not this clean... there are
omnivores, detritivores, scavengers, etc. -
bigger base, more levels....
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5. Consequences b. food webs - So, where
should food webs be longer, the tropics or
poles?
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5. Consequences b. food webs - So, where
should food webs be longer, the tropics or poles?
(Tropics - more energy at base, web dominated by
reptiles and insects, rather than mammals as in
the temperate zone and poles.)
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5. Consequences a. trophic "pyramids" b. Food
Webs 6. Human Concerns
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5. Consequences a. trophic "pyramids" b. Food
Webs 6. Human Concerns a. Food is NPP or NSP.
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5. Consequences a. trophic "pyramids" b. Food
Webs 6. Human Concerns a. Food is NPP or
NSP. b. More efficient to eat lower on the food
chain, but modernization correlates with
increased meat in diet. (Meat production is
increasing FASTER THAN population growth... and
grazing lands increasing...)
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I. Climate II. Biomes III. Productivity,
Diversity, and Stability A. Productivity B.
Diversity
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B. Diversity 1. Measurements
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B. Diversity 1. Measurements a. Species
Richness ( of species)
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B. Diversity 1. Measurements a. Species
Richness ( of species) b. Relative
Abundance is important
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B. Diversity 1. Measurements a. Species
Richness ( of species) b. Relative
Abundance is important
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
Simpson's Diversity D 1/S(p2)
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99
species A
1
species B
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Richness
2
2
Simp. Div.
2
1.02
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B. Diversity 1. Measurements a. Species
Richness ( of species) b. Relative
Abundance is important
c. Genetic diversity within species
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
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99
species A
1
species B
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Richness
2
2
Simp. Div.
2
1.02
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B. Diversity 2. Types
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B. Diversity 2. Types - alpha diversity in
one habitat
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B. Diversity 2. Types - alpha diversity in
one habitat - beta diversity in an area, due to
different species living in different habitats
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B. Diversity 2. Types - alpha diversity in
one habitat - beta diversity in an area, due to
different species living in different habitats -
gamma diversity at the larger spatial scale
that includes all habitats.
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with Productivity
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity - QUANTITATIVE EFFECT If you have
more productivity at the base of a food web, then
you can build a longer food chain (adding
additional levels AND species).
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity - QUALITATIVE EFFECT An increase in
productivity may also occur because more types of
food have been added. This may allow for more
specialization at the next trophic level - and
the coexistence of more species.
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity b. Diversity increases productivity
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity b. Diversity increases
productivity - Sampling Effects More diverse
communities are more likely to contain the most
productive species, and thus raise the total
productivity.
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity b. Diversity increases
productivity - Niche Complementarity More
diverse communities are more likely to contain
different types of species that use different
types of energy... thus more efficiently
harvesting the available energy
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Monoculture
Polyculture
They all need the same things at the same
concentrations have to place them far apart to
reduce competition.
Combinations of different plants can be planted
at higher density, and they use different
"niches" and coexist. Even if abundance of "most
productive" species, drops, this loss can be
offset.
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B. Diversity 3. Relationships with
Productivity a. Productivity increases
diversity b. Diversity increases
productivity - Positive Interactions More
diverse communities may contain species that
benefit other species, and thus increase the
productivity of the whole community
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Monoculture
Polyculture
without beans
with beans
They all need the same things at the same
concentrations have to place them far apart to
reduce competition.
Nitrogen fixing legumes (beans) nutrify the soil,
increasing the growth of other plants