Expanding Markets and Moving West

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Chapter 9

• Expanding Markets and Moving West

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Section 1 The Market Revolution

• The U.S. becomes more industrialized, with
  textile mills and the factory system changed the
  lives of workers and consumers.
• Farms shifted from self-sufficiency to
  specialization.
• The market revolution created a striking change
  in the U.S. economy and in the daily lives of
  Americans.

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Effects of a Market Revolution

• Economic growth depended on capitalism, system in
  which private businesses and individuals control
  the means of production and use them to earn
  profits.
• Entrepreneurs, investors that risk money for new
  industries.

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New Inventions- pg. 275-277
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Section 2Causes of American Expansion

• A. Economic factors
• 1) Exhaustion of good soil by cotton farmers led
  to search for new land
• 2) Effects of the Panic of 1837. Many settlers
  pushed west as they faced economic losses.
• B. Psychological factors--manifest destiny.
• Sentiment that the U.S. should rule from coast
  to coast (and maybe pole to pole) became a key
  part of national thinking.

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• C. Attractive regions for new settlement
• 1. east Texas
• 2. California
• 3. Oregon
• D. Advertising the West
• 1) Santa Fe traders brought back tales of the
  West
• 2) Mountain men--fur trappers and traders

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Trails West

• Santa Fe Trail- 780 miles from Independence,
  Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Busy and well
  known trade route.
• Oregon Trail- used by missionaries to convert and
  educate Native Americans.
• Mormon Migration- religious community that played
  a major role in settling the west.
• Territorial Disputes- between Great Britain an
  U.S. Slogan 54 40 or Fight. Great Britain loses
  interest in land and 49th parallel sets US/Canada
  boundary

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Section 3 Expansion in Texas

• Mexican Independence from Spain in 1821 opened
  trade opportunities for U.S.
• Mexican government had a hard time controlling
  the large amount of land
• To prevent border violations and to protect the
  territory, Mexican government encourage American
  farmers to settle in Texas. Land grants were
  offered to agents (empresarios)

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Texas fights for Independence

• Stephen Austin Texass Old Three Hundred
• 1830- Mexico seals its borders with and taxed
  American goods.
• Austin went to Mexico City to petition for
  self-government of Texas. Mexican President Santa
  Anna had Austin imprisoned and revoked powers of
  several Mexican states
• Started the Texas Revolution

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Remember the Alamo

• Santa Anna marched toward San Antonio, Texas to
  force Texans to obey laws he had established.
• Texans attack in 1835. All 187 U.S. defenders
  died, including Jim Bowie, Davy Crockett
• Annas troops win again at Goliad

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Texas Independence to statehood

• U.S. fights back with Sam Houston at Battle of
  San Jacinto.
• Texans kill 630 and capture Santa Anna
• Texans set Santa Anna free after he signed the
  Treaty of Velasco, which granted independence to
  Texas.
• In September 1836, Houston became President of
  the Republic of Texas
• Dec 29, 1845 Texas became 28th state

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Section 4 the war with Mexico

• U.S. President Polk believed war with Mexico
  would bring not only Texas but also New Mexico
  and California into the Union.
• 1845, Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to
  purchase California and approve the Rio Grande as
  the Texas border
• Polk orders Zachary Taylor to march into Rio
  Grande and block the river.

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War Wages

• 1846, Polk ordered Colonel Stephen Kearny to
  march from Kansas into New Mexico.
• New Mexico fell without a single shot
• Kearny then went to the Republic of California
  and joined John Fremont
• U.S. forces gained control of California
• Polks bizarre scheme with Santa Anna
• Winfield Scott captures Veracruz and Mexico City

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Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo

• February 2, 1848 U.S. and Mexico signed treaty
• Mexico agrees to Rio Grande border for Texas
  and ceded New Mexico and California to the U.S.
• U.S. pay 15 million for the Mexican cession,
  which includes present day California, Nevada,
  New Mexico, Utah, parts of Arizona, Colorado and
  Wyoming
• treaty guaranteed Mexicans living in these
  territories freedom of religion, protection of
  property, bilingual elections and open borders

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Gadsden Purchase

• 1853 President Pierce authorizes James Gadsden to
  pay Mexico an additional 10 million for another
  piece of territory.
• This final purchase established the current
  borders of the lower 48 states.

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California Gold Rush

• January 1848 James Marshall, discovered gold at
  Sutters Mill in the California Sierra Nevadas.
• Gold Fever traveled eastwar, and overland
  migration grew from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in
  1850!
• Forty-niners
• Gold Rush brings Diversity