Objectives for Ecology Unit 1

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Objectives for Ecology Unit 1

• I. To survey the abiotic and biotic
  characteristics of an ecological community using
  a quadrat sample.
• II. Compare and contrast two sample areas
  representing two different stages of succession.

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Ecosystem

• Relationship of biotic to abiotic parts of the
  environment
• Biotic living
• Abiotic- non-living

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List some examples of Biotic and Abiotic
features of a typical pond community
ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
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Plants Snails Algae Bacteria
Nitrogen Potasium Phosphorus O2 CO2 H2O Light
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Organization of Ecosystem
Biosphere Biome Community Population Species
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Biosphere
All life on planet Earth Above the
surface Beneath the oceans and soil surface
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Biome

• Major Plant CommunitiesInfluenced by
  temperature, moisture, and sunlight .

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Community

• All living organisms in a particular area
• Several different species
• Biotic -Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists, and
  Monerans ( bacteria )
• May refer to biotic or abiotic
• Abiotic is the nonliving portion of the community

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Population

• The total number of one particular species of
  organism in an area

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Species- organisms that have the same chromosome
number , they can mate and produce fertile
offspring

• Species diversity- the number of different
  species as well as their abundance.

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NICHE- what an organism does

• How it obtains energy
• Mates
• migrates

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Ecology-study of Ecosystem

• Examines the relationships between members of a
  community and between abiotic and biotic factors.

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Photosynthesis is carried out by Autotrophs CO2
H2O suns energy O2
C6H12O6 (FOOD)
Autotrophs can convert light energy into
chemical energy.
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Respiration is carried out by autotrophs and
most heterotrophs
(FOOD) O2 C6H12O6
energy CO2
H2O
Respiration releases the energy stored in foods
to do work in living organisms
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Trophic Levels-feeding levels that show the flow
of energy in the ecosystem. Producer or
Autotroph- can make its own food
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Autotrophs- organisms that make their own food,
producers

• Green algae
• Blue green algae/cyanobacteria
• Plants

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Consumer or Heterotroph

• -can not make their own food
• depend on others

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Food chains-show energy flow Food Webs- shows
interrelationships in trophic levels Food
Pyramids- shows the relative amount Biomass-
total living material Number-populations Energy-
in Calories
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Primary Productivity- amount of Light energy
converted to chemical energy by autotrophs in a
given time
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Types of heterotrophs

• Carnivore- eats meat, other animals
• Herbivore- eats plants
• Omnivore- eats both plants and animals
• Scavenger- eats dead plants and animals
• Decomposer- consumes/recycles dead plants or
  animals or waste

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Food Pyramids

• Numbers
• Biomass
• Energy

• Population
• Total living mass- Kg
• Kilocalories- C

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Food Webs

• Consumers
• 1st order-
• 2nd order-
• Higher order-

• Producers

DECOMPOSERS-recycle all nutrients from the above
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Net Primary Productivity
NPP GPP-Rs
1-2 of the visible light that reaches producers
is converted into energy
Between 50 and 90 of gross productivity in
producers becomes net productivity
In most pyramids only 10 of the biomass or
energy is transferred to the next trophic level
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A is a producer an can capture the suns
energy. B is a 1st. Order consumer and will
capture between 50 and 70 of the available
energy. C is a 2nd order consumer and will
capture 10 .
C
B
A
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Food Chain- shows simple trophic levels

• A---gtB---gtC

Arrows show direction of energy flow
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Eutrophication- nutrients cause tremendous growth
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Emergent and Floating Vegetation begin to
dominate.
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Food Webs
F
B
C
G
D
E
A
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Pyramids

• Numbers- population
• Biomass-total living weight ( Kg)
• Energy- Calories

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Pyramids
C
B
A
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Biological Magnification

• Toxins that become more concentrated at each
  trophic level
• Remember biomass at each level is produced from a
  much larger biomass below
• Accumulates in specific tissue ex. DDT and PCBs
  in fat

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Net Primary Productivity
NPP GPP-Rs
1-2 of the visible light that reaches producers
is converted into energy
Between 50 and 90 of gross productivity in
producers becomes net productivity
In most pyramids only 10 of the biomass or
energy is transferred to the next trophic level
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Symbiosis-close association

• Commensalism /0 one benefits, one is not
  affected
• Mutualism / both benefit
• Parasitism /- one benefits one is harmed
  .parasite
• -----------------host -

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Symbiosis close association between two
organisms fo different species

• Mutualism / Rhino and bird cleaning
  parasites , Clown fish and sean anemone
• Comensalism /0 algae growing on a snails body
• Parasitism /- mosquito/human

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Carrying Capacity

• Average number of organisms an area can support
• Fluctuates around a mean
• Limited by habitat, food, water, light ,
  nutrients, etc.

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Logistic Model ( S shaped )

• Lag
• Log
• Stationary
• Decline