Proper sequence of Steps in the Scientific Method

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Proper sequence of Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observation
2. State a Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Collect Data
5. Form a Conclusion
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Term that refers to each factor in a scientific
experiment that is kept constant from one
experiment to the next.

• Control

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The only factor being tested and experimentally
changed during a controlled experiment.

• Variable

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A testable statement or educated guess.

• Hypothesis

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Standard unit of measurement for length.

• METER

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Give the standard unit of measurement for volume.

• Liter

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Give the standard unit of measurement for mass.

• Grams

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Give the standard unit of measure for temperature.

• Kelvin

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What type laboratory glassware would a student
use to measure the volume of a liquid?

• Graduated Cylinder

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What type of laboratory glassware would a student
use to precisely dilute a solution?

• Volumetric Flask

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What laboratory glassware would be used to heat a
substance to extremely high temperatures?

• Crucible

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What type of microscope would be used to view red
blood cells?

• Compound
• Microscope

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What type of microscope would be used to view the
veins in a leaf?

• Stereo Microscope

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What group of organisms make their own food?
Producers
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Any organism capable of synthesizing its own food
from inorganic substances, using light or
chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain
bacteria
Autotroph
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What group of organisms that cannot make their
own food?

• Consumers

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Herbivores

• Organisms that eats only plants. Examples
  rabbit/ squirrel

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Carnivores

• Organism that eats only animals Examples
  lion/tiger

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Omnivores

• Organisms that eats both plants and animals. Ex.
  Humans/bears

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Decomposers

• Organisms that break down decaying matter
• Ex. Maggots/ mushrooms

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Parasites

• Organisms that live on a host (Example ticks,
  fleas, tapeworms)

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Living organisms that obtain their energy from
carbohydrates and other organic material. (This
includes all animals and most bacteria and fungi)
Heterotrophs
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What is used to represent the pathway of energy
transfer as a result of the feeding pattern of a
series of organisms?
Food Chain
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What diagram is used to show all the feeding
relationships between organisms in an ecosystem?

• Food Web

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The organism in a food chain that feed directly
on green plants.

• Primary Consumer

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An organism with sharp, tearing teeth that preys
on primary consumers of the food chain.
Secondary Consumer
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In the food chain Owl ? Snake ? Rat ? Corn
,What organism gets the least amount of energy
from what it eats?
Owl
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The organism in a food chain that has the
greatest amount of energy.
Producer
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A triangular wedge that represents an ecosystems
loss of energy which results as energy passes
through the ecosystems food chain.

• Energy Pyramid

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What process occurs in plants in which
chlorophyll traps energy from the sun and makes
food?
Photosynthesis
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What is the photosynthesis reaction?

• 6CO2 6 H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2

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What is the process that occurs in animals
whereby animals take in glucose from plants and
use it to make ATP energy?

• Cellular Respiration

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What is the cellular respiration reaction?

• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6 H2O ATP Energy

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Cells that do not have a nucleus.

• Prokaryotes

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Cells that have a nucleus.

• Eukaryotes

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The kingdom that contains microscopic,
unicellular, prokaryotic organisms thats DNA is
contained on a single chromosome.

• Monera

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The kingdom that contains microscopic,
unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that may have
characteristics of plants, animals and fungi.

• Protista

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The kingdom that contains organisms that are
plant-like in form but do not have chlorophyll.
These organisms are parasites or decomposers that
secrete enzymes on their food source and absorb
the smaller molecules.

• Fungi

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The kingdom of organisms that contain
multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotes that make
their own food by photosynthesis.

• Plantae

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The kingdom that contains organisms that are
multicellular, heterotrophic, and eukaryotic.
They obtain food from plants and break it down
and form energy by the process of cellular
respiration

• Animalia

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List the correct sequence or taxonomic
classification of organisms from the most
inclusive level to the least inclusive level.
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Species

• Which taxonomic division would have fewer
  organisms with more identical characteristics?

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What two taxonomic divisions compose a scientific
name?
Genus and Species
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• How is a scientific name correctly written?

The genus is capitalized but the species is not.
Both are written underlined or using italics
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Structural Organization of Living Things
Atom ?Molecule ? Cell?Tissue ?Organ?Organ
System?Organism
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The smallest unit capable of maintaining life and
reproducing.
Cell
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Tissue

• The organization of a great many similar cells.

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Organ

• A collection of two or more kinds of tissue
  cooperatively performing a function.

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An organization of various kinds of organs so
arranged that they perform complex functions for
the body.

• ORGAN SYSTEM

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State the structural organization of a biosphere

• Organism
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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A Living Thing

• Organism

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All the individual members of a species that live
together within an ecosystem.

• Population

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Term that refers to all the members of the
different populations that live together within
an ecosystem.

• COMMUNITY

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A community of organisms all nonliving
environmental (soil, temperature, water) factors.

• Ecosystem

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Plants with roots, stems, and leaves

• Vascular Plants

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Phloem

• What carries sugar from the leaves to the roots
  for starch storage?

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Xylem

• What is responsible for transporting water and
  minerals from the roots to the leaves for sugar
  production.

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Plants without roots, stems, leaves, or a system
to conduct water and therefore grow close to the
ground.

• Nonvascular Plant

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Flowering plants that produce seeds that are
enclosed in a fruit.
Angiosperms
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Plants that have needle shaped leaves and naked
seeds found in cones.

• Gymnosperms

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• Female, ovule-bearing organ of a flower,
  including the stigma, style, and ovary.

Pistil
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Stigma

• The part of the pistil that receives pollen and
  is located at the top is the __________.

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Style

• The long slender structure between the stigma and
  ovule of a pistil (female part of a flowering
  plant) is called the ___________.

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Ovule

• The lowermost part of the pistil that contains
  the egg of a flowering plant is called the
  ___________.

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The male, pollen-producing reproductive organ of
a flower, usually consisting of a filament and an
anther.

• Stamen

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Anther

• The stamen (male part of a flowering plant) has
  ________ that contains the pollen granules.

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The __________ supports the anther.

• Filament

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Subphylum of animals with backbones

• Vertebrates

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Snakes, Frogs, Fish
Which of the following are examples of cold
blooded vertebrates 1) snakes 2) frogs
3) fish 4) birds 5) humans
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• Of the following, the animal with an exoskeleton
  is a
• frog 2) snake 3) insect 4)
  bird 5) fish 6) human

Insect
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Fish
The only vertebrate that does not use lungs for
breathing as an adult is the 1) bird 2)
frog 3) fish 4) mammal
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Birds and Humans

• Which of the following animals have four
  chambered hearts? 1) snakes 2) frogs 3)
  fish 4) birds 5) humans

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List three characteristics of mammals

• 1) Have young that are born alive
• 2) Nurse their young
• 3) Have fur or hair

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Which of these vertebrates use egg laying as
their primary way of reproduction? 1) Fish
2) Mammals 3) Birds 4) Frogs 5) Reptiles

• Fish
• Birds
• Frogs
• Reptiles

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Subphylum of animals that do not have a backbone
Invertebrates
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Which of these invertebrates have soft-bodies,
shells and muscular tube feet are 1)
echinoderms 2) mollusk 3) annelids 4)
coelenterates
Mollusk
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Arthropods (Ex. Insects)

• The invertebrates with segmented bodies,
  specialized mouth parts and antennas are 1)
  annelids 2) coelenterates 3) arthropods
  4) echinoderms

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Echinoderms (Ex. Starfish)

• . The invertebrates with radial symmetry 1)
  annelids 2) coelenterates 3) arthropods
  4) echinoderms

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Mimicry

• When animals look like other dangerous animals.
  They pretend to be what they are not.

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Warning Coloration

• The conspicuously recognizable markings of an
  animal, such as a skunk, that serve to warn off
  potential predators.

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Protective Coloration

• When animals blend in with their
  surroundings. An insect that looks like a branch
  or leaf is using a costume to hide from
  predators. If it actually looks like the object
  on which it stays, then it is using disguise to
  fool its predators or prey.

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Molecule that carries the hereditary information
in the nucleus of cells. It determines the
structure, function and behavior of the cell.It
carries information for the making of
proteins.It controls cellular activity.

• DNA

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What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?

• Phosphate Groups
• Sugar Units

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What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder?

• Nitrogenous Bases

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Chromosomes

• Linear arrangement of genes, that determine the
  inherited characteristics of all living
  organisms.

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Genes

• Regions of DNA that contain instructions for
  making a product, such as a protein.

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• Form of a gene that governs different
  characteristics such as hair color.

Allele
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The combination of genes for one or more specific
traits (TT, Tt, tt).

• Genotype

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• An organisms appearance that results its
  genotype.

Phenotype
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Name the four nitrogenous bases of the DNA
molecule.

• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine

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Nucleotide

• Subunits of the DNA molecule composed of a
  phosphate group, sugar unit (making up the
  sides), and a nitrogenous base (making the rungs).

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How do the nitrogenous bases in the DNA pair?

• In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine and
  cytosine always pairs with guanine.

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Sequence of Nitrogenous Bases

• The information or message of DNA molecule
  depends on what characteristic?

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What nitrogenous base replaces thymine in the RNA
molecule?

• Uracil

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Dominant Genes

• Express their traits when they are present

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Recessive Genes

• Genes that are masked by the presence of a
  dominant gene.

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Polygenic

• The term that indicates an organism has at
  least two different genes contributing for a
  specific phenotypic trait.

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Heterozygous

• The term that indicates an organism has two
  different alleles for a specific trait.

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Homozygous

• The term that indicates an organism has two
  identical alleles on a chromosome. This results
  in an organism that breeds true for only one
  trait.

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What percent of the offspring will be green with
a cross of these parental genotypes

• Gg x Gg

G green g yellow
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75 are expected to green!

• Gg x Gg

GG
Gg
G green g yellow
Gg
gg
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Two heterozygous plants are crossed (Tt x
Tt)what is the probability that the offspring
plants will be short?

• T tall
• t short

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25 short (tt)
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Incomplete Dominance

• Heterozygous condition that results in a
  "blending" of the two traits, where both are
  influencing the phenotype.
• Example Snapdragons can be red or white, but the
  pink phenotype is expressed when both alleles
  are present.

In contrast in codominance both alleles are
present but they do not blend. Instead, both
traits are expressed as dominant. An example
might include a roan colored horse that has both
white and brown hair.
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Crossing-Over

• Exchange of genetic material between homologous
  chromosomes.
• The recombination of genes that leads to genetic
  variety and genetic combinations in offspring
  that did not occur in the parents.

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Mistakes or misconnections in the duplication of
the chromatin material. They occur in the nucleus
of a cell during the interphase of cell division.

• Mutation

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Mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted
into a new place in the DNA
Insertion
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• Mutations in which a section of DNA is lost.

Deletion
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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Inherited genetic trait in African Americans. It
  is a result of two recessive genes.

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Hemophilia

• Genetic Disorder carried on the X chromosome that
  results in the bloods inability to clot properly.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

• An inherited disease resulting from a missing
  enzyme needed to change the amino acid
  phenylalanine to tyrosine.

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Downs Syndrome

• Disorder resulting from the extra chromosome when
  DNA replicates on the 21st chromosome. The extra
  genetic material interferes with normal growth
  and development.

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Diffusion

• The process by which substances move from areas
  of higher concentration to areas of lower
  concentration.

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Osmosis

• The process that occurs when water diffuses and
  moves from a high concentration

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Turgor Pressure

• Osmotic pressure that gives support to green
  plant tissue.

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Concentration Gradient

• Differences that exist in the concentration of a
  substance across a cells membrane may determine
  the direction of particle movement.

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Passive Transport

• The movement of a chemical substance across a
  cell membrane without expenditure of energy by
  the cell, as in diffusion.

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Facilitated Diffusion

• Allows diffusion of large, membrane insoluble
  compounds such as sugars and amino acids
• Does not require energy (passive)
• Uses transport proteins

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Active Transport

• Process used by the cell to move particles across
  its membrane in a direction that is opposite the
  concentration gradient and requires the
  expenditure of stored energy.

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Which of the following processes require
energy?Diffusion Active transport Osmosis
Endocytosis Moving to higher from lower
concentration

• Active transport and Endocytosis

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Hypertonic

• Solution in which there is a higher concentration
  of solute particles outside the cell than inside
  the cell causing water to rush out.

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Hypotonic

• A solution in which there is a greater
  concentration of solute particles inside the cell
  than outside the cell causing water to rush in.

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Water is moving equally into and out of the cell.

• Isotonic

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Name three structures plant cells have that
animal cells do not have
Cell wall, chloroplasts, contractile vacuole
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Nucleus

• Description control center of the cell
• Function storage of DNA (hereditary information)

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Nucleolus

• A small, typically round granular body composed
  of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell.
• Involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and the
  formation of ribosomes.

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What is the gel-like substance of the cell that
contains its organelles?
Cytoplasm
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Cell Membrane

• The semi-permeable membrane that encloses the
  cytoplasm of a cell and separates the cell from
  its external environment.

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Mitochondria

• Description Powerhouse of the Cell, rod shaped
  structures.
• Function Chemical energy conversions (ATP) for
  cell metabolism

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Ribosomes

• Description Round-shaped structures in the
  cytoplasm
• Function Sites of protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The membrane network in cytoplasm that is
  composed of tubules and serves as a
  transportation system through the cell.

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Golgi Apparatus

• A network of stacked vesicles present in most
  living cells that functions in the formation of
  secretions within the cell and the packaging and
  exporting of cellular material.

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Vacuoles

• Store food , water , wastes, and other materials.
  Commonly referred to as the storage centers of
  the cell.

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Lysosomes

• A membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of
  most cells containing various enzymes that
  function in intracellular digestion.

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Centrioles

• Structures important in the cells division
  serving as the site for spindle fiber attachment
  in mitosis.

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Chloroplasts

• Responsible for the green color of almost all
  plants.
• They are the central site of the photosynthetic
  process in plants (converting light energy into
  chemical energy).

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Cilia

• Thin hair-like projections that protrude from the
  cells surface.

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Flagella

• Whip-like tail used for locomotion

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Cell Wall
Surrounds the cells of plants, fungus, algae, and
bacteria. Composed mainly of cellulose and gives
the cell definite shape.

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Cells of the body
Somatic
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Process used by typical body cells (somatic
cells) to divide.
Mitosis
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List the stages of mitosis in order
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
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Interphase

• Event that takes place before mitosis can occur
  in which the DNA content replicates. Called the
  resting stage of the cell because the cell looks
  like nothing is happening.

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Prophase

• Nucleus disappears
• Chromatin condenses and becomes visible as
  chromosomes
• The centriole divides and moves to each end of
  the cell.

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Metaphase

• Chromosomes line up across the center or equator
  of the cell.

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Anaphase

• Chromosomes separate at the center and the
  spindle fibers pull them toward either end of the
  cell.

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Telophase

• Chromosomes disappear
• Nucleus reappears
• Cleavage furrow forms
• End product is two new daughter cells.

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Type of division necessary for sexual reproduction

• MEIOSIS

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Sex Cells

• Gametes

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A type of asexual reproduction that occurs in
protist that results in a smaller daughter
organism.

• Budding

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Type of asexual reproduction in protist that
results in two organisms of equal size

• Binary Fission

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Ecosystem

• A self-sustaining dynamic community of plants and
  animals in relation to their physical environment.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

• Organisms living in a delicate balance with each
  other.

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Niche

• Defined as the status of an organism within its
  environment and community (affecting its survival
  as a species)

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Survival of the Fittest

• Individuals that possess favorable variations for
  existence will survive. The others will die out.

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Biotic

• The living factors within an ecosystem.
• Food availability
• Disease
• Competition
• Predation
• Parasitism

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Abiotic

• The non-living factors within an ecosystem that
  effect living things.
• Light
• Temperature
• Water Supply
• Oxygen Supply
• Minerals
• pH of the soil

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Mutualism

• A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in
  which both organisms benefit.
• Example The lichen consists of a fungus and an
  algae growing together. The fungus gets food from
  the photosynthesizing algae and the algae gets a
  place to live.

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Commensalism

• A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in
  which one organism benefits and the other
  organism is left unaffected.
• Example The anemone fish lives among the forest
  of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from
  potential predators. The anemone treats the fish
  as part of itself and does not sting it.

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Predator

• An animal that feeds on other living things.

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Factors That Threaten a Species Survival

• Habitat Destruction
• Competition
• Overexploitation
• Introduction of Exotic Species
• Pollution
• Limited Distribution
• New diseases in which a species does not have a
  natural genetic protection against the particular
  pathogens