Ecosystems and Communities

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• Ecosystems and Communities

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Section Outline
Section 4-1

• 41 The Role of Climate
• What Is Climate?
• 1. weatherday to day conditions
• 2. average, year-after-year conditions of temp
  and precipitation in a particular region

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Section Outline
Section 4-1

• The Greenhouse Effectcarbon dioxide, methane,
  water vapor and other atmospheric gases trap heat
  energy and maintain Earth temperature range.

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The Greenhouse Effect
Section 4-1
Sunlight
Some heat escapes into space
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Atmosphere
Earths surface
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Section Outline
Section 4-1

• The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• As a result of differences in latitude and thus
  the angle of heating, Earth has three main
  climate zones polar, temperate, and tropical.

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Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earths
Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Section 4-1
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
66.5N
Arctic circle
Some heat escapes into space
Sunlight
Tropic of Cancer
23.5N
Equator
Most direct sunlight
0
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
66.5S
Sunlight
Earths surface
90S South Pole
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Section Outline
Section 4-1

• Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• 1. unequal heating drives surface winds and
  ocean currents
• 2. Warm air and water tends to rise and cool
  air and water tends to sink.

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Section Outline
Section 4-2

• 42 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
• A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• 1. bioticliving
• 2. abioticnot living
• 3. together they determine the survival and
  growth of an organism and the productivity of the
  ecosystem in which the organism lives
• 4. habitatarea where an organism lives

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Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Section Outline
Section 4-2

• The Niche
• 1. full range of physical and biological
  conditions in which an organism lives and the way
  in which the organism uses those conditions
• 2. type of food the organism eats, how it
  obtains this food, and which other species use
  the organism as food

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Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their
Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of
branches near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of
the tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of
the tree and at the bases of the middle branches
Spruce tree
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Section Outline
Section 4-2

• C. Community Interactions
• Competition
• a. Resourcesany necessity of life
• b. Competitive exclusion principleno two
  species can occupy the same niche in the same
  habitat at the same time
• 2. Predationinteraction in which one organism
  captures and feeds on another organism

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Section Outline
Section 4-2

• Symbiosis
• a. Mutualismboth species benefit from the
  relationship
• b. Commensalismone member of the association
  benefits and the other is neither helped nor
  harmed
• c. Parasitismone organism lives on or inside
  another organism and harms it

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Section Outline
Section 4-2

• D. Ecological Succession
• 1. Primary Successionsurfaces where no soil
  exists
• 2. Secondary Successionwhen land cleared and
  plowed for farming is abandoned
• 3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem

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Section Outline
Section 4-3

• 43 Biomes
• Biomes and Climate
• microclimatethe climate in a small area that
  differs from the climate around it

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Section Outline
Section 4-3

• B. The Major Biomes
• 1. tropical rain forest
• 2. Tropical dry forest
• 3. Tropical savanna
• 4. Desert
• 5. Temperate grassland
• 6. Temperate woodland and shrubland
• 7. Temperate forest
• 8. Northwestern coniferous forest
• 9. Boreal forest
• 10. tundra

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Compare/Contrast Table
Section 4-3
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Figure 4-11 The Worlds Major Land Biomes
Section 4-3
Temperate grassland
Tropical rain forest
Temperate forest
Tundra
Northwestern coniferous forest
Mountains and ice caps
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Temperate woodland and shrubland
Tropical savanna
Boreal forest (Taiga)
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Section Outline
Section 4-3

• C. Other Land Areas
• 1. Mountain Ranges
• 2. Polar Ice Caps

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Section Outline
Section 4-4

• 44 Aquatic Ecosystems
• A. Freshwater Ecosystems
• 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems
• 2. Standing-Water Ecosystems
• 3. Freshwater Wetlands
• B. Estuaries
• C. Marine Ecosystems
• 1. Intertidal Zone
• 2. Coastal Ocean
• 3. Coral Reefs
• 4. Open Ocean
• 5. Benthic Zone

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Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Spoonbill
Duck
Water lilies
Frog
Dragonfly
Mosquito larvae
Duckweed
Phytoplankton
Snail
Pickerel
Diving beetle
Trout
Hydra
Crayfish
Snail
Benthic crustaceans
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Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem
Section 4-4
land
Photic zone
200m
1000m
Coastal ocean
Aphotic zone
4000m
Open ocean
6000m
Ocean trench
10,000m
Continental shelf
Continental slope and continental rise
Abyssal plain
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Video Contents
Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.

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Video 1
Video 1
Earths Many Biomes, Part 1

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Video 2
Video 2
Earths Many Biomes, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
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Internet
Go Online

• Career links on forestry technicians
• Interactive test
• For links on climate and the greenhouse effect,
  go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-2041.
• For links on biomes, go to www.SciLinks.org and
  enter the Web Code as follows cbn-2043.
• For links on aquatic ecosystems, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-2044.

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Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. When does the area in which you live
experience the lowest temperatures? Does the
temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how
often does this occur? 2. When does the area in
which you live have the highest temperatures?
About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How
often does it rain where you live? Is one season
rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow
where you live? If so, what is the heaviest
snowfall you can remember? Question 14Answers
will vary depending on local conditions. If
students have lived in a different part of the
country, you may wish to have them contrast the
climate in that area with the local
climate. 5. What are two factors that may affect
climate? Possible answers latitude, wind, ocean
currents, shape and elevation of land masses
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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. Based on your own experiences, define
  predation. Give one example of predation.
• Predation is an interaction in which one
  organism captures and feeds on another organism.
  Some examples of predation a hawk captures and
  feeds on a rabbit a cat captures and feeds on a
  mouse.
• 2. Based on your own experiences, define
  competition. Give one example of competition.
• Competition occurs when organisms of the same or
  different species attempt to use an ecological
  resource in the same place at the same time. Some
  examples of competition crop plants and weeds
  compete for food, water, and sunlight wolves and
  foxes compete for the same food (rabbits).

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Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. Describe the climate where you live.
• 2. What types of plant and animal life are found
  in your area? Describe a few of the major
  characteristics of these organisms.
• Questions 12 Answers will vary depending on
  the part of the country in which students live.
• 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a
  climate that was very different from the climate
  you now live in. How would the plant and animal
  life in this new area be different from the plant
  and animal life where you live now?
• Sample answer If the new climate were much
  colder, animals would probably have thicker fur.
  Plants would have shorter growing seasons and
  would produce seeds that could withstand the
  cold.

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Section 4 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. What types of organisms would you expect to
  find living in the intertidal zone?
• Students may say that plants and animals would
  be small.
• 2. What characteristics do you think these
  organisms have that enable them to live in this
  zone?
• Possible answer Plants would have thick outer
  layers to resist drying during low tide. Animals
  would be able to burrow into the sand or have
  coverings that could hold in water.
• 3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal
  zone?
• Waves pound living things, causing them to
  bounce around, unless they have some means of
  staying attached to the sand or rocks on the
  bottom.

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