PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Biosphere Ecosystems

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYBiosphereEcosystems

• Chapter 9
• C.J. Cox

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Biogeography

• The study of global lifeforms with respect to
  their location
• contextual study of plants animals
• where are they?
• What is around them?
• What interconnections occur within their
  environment?

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Biosphere

• Ecosystems
• Succession Climax Communities
• Environmental Controls
• Biomes

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Ecosystems

• Ecosystems -community of organisms functioning
  together in an interdependent relationship with
  the environment which they occupy.

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Ecosytem
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Components of An Ecosystem

• 1 .Abiotic - non-living inorganic substances
• minerals, gases, water
• 2. Autotrophs - (self nourished) producers
• plants
• photosynthesis - conversion of water carbon
  dioxide into organic materials

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Components of An Ecosystem

• 3. Heterotrophs -(other nourished)
• animals that survive by eating plants or other
  animals
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Detritivores

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Components of An Ecosystem

• 4. Decomposers - feed on dead plant and animal
  material and waste products
• return mineral nutrients to the soil and sea in a
  form that plants can use it.

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Ecosytem
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BIOLOGICAL HEIRARCHY
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Trophic Structure Food Chains

• Trophic Structure - Pattern of Feeding in an
  ecosystem
• Food Chain or Food Web - sequence of levels in
  the feeding pattern
• Trophic Level - Organisms within a food chain are
  often identified by their trophic level

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TERRESTRIAL FOODWEB
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MARINE FOODWEB
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Energy Flow
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Biosphere

• Ecosystems
• Succession Climax Communities
• Environmental Controls
• Biomes

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Plant Succession

• Development of Plant Communities
• orderly process that includes phases of plants
  that will begin with a low growing stabilizing
  vegetation
• a relatively simple plant community or pioneer
  community
• crabgrass

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Plant Succession

• Development of Plant Communities
• that ends with a dominant vegetative cover
• Climax Community -the final step in the process
  of succession
• Old Growth Forests

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Biosphere

• Ecosystems
• Succession Climax Communities
• Environmental Controls
• Biomes

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Environmental Controls

• Climate
• temperature
• min/max
• precipitation
• seasonality
• length of day
• growing season

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Environmental Controls

• Altitude/Elevation

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Environmental Controls

• Climate
• Altitude/Elevation

• Soils
• nutrients
• drainage
• Slope Aspect/Topography

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Environmental Controls

• Fire/Decomposition
• Plant Animal Competition
• light root competition
• animal food competition
• transfer of seeds
• Human Impact

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EcosystemsBiosphere

• Ecosystems
• Succession Climax Communities
• Environmental Controls
• Biomes

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Biomes

• Major Terrestrial Ecosystems
• plant communities
• FOREST
• GRASSLAND
• DESERT
• TUNDRA

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Biomes
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Forest Biomesfound where there is a positive
water balance in A Climates

• Tropical Forests
• Tropical Rainforest
• Monsoon Rainforest
• Thornbush and Scrub

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Forest Biomesfound where there is a positive
water balance in C D Climates

• Midlatitude Forests
• Mediterranean Woodland
• Broad Leaf Deciduous Forest
• Broad-Leaf Evergreen Forest
• Mixed Forest
• Coniferous Forest

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Biomes
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Tropical Forests
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Mid-latitude Forests
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Coniferous Forests
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Taiga Forest
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Biomes
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Grassland Biomefound in Aw BS Climates

• Tropical Savanna Grasslands
• Midlatitude Grasslands
• Prairie Grassland (destroyed)
• Steppe Grassland

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Tropical Savanna Grasslands
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Tropical Savanna Grasslands
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Midlatitude Steppe Grassland
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Biomes
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Desert Biomefound in BW Climates

• Desert
• xerophytes
• ephemeral
• succulents

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Desert Biome
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Biomes
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Arctic Alpine Tundra Biomefound in BW Climates

• Tundra
• mixture of grasses, flowering herbs, mosses,
  lichens low growing shrubs

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Biomes
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Marine Ecosystems
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Biosphere

• Ecosystems
• Succession Climax Communities
• Environmental Controls
• Biomes

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYBiosphereEcosystems

• Chapter 9
• C.J. Cox