Ecosystems and Communities

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Ecosystems and Communities

• Chapter 4

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• What is Climate?
• Weather day-to-day conditions at a particular
  time and place
• Climate year-after-year conditions of
  temperature and precipitation

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• The Greenhouse Effect
• What controls the temperature on Earth?

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• The Atmosphere controls the temperature on Earth
  by acting like a blanket
• Gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy
• Greenhouse Effect

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• Latitude Effects Climate
• Polar zone
• Cold
• Low angle of sun rays
• 66.5o and 90o or near the poles

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• Temperate zone
• Hot to cold
• Ever changing angle of sun rays
• 23.5o to 66.5o or in between the polar and
  tropical zone

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• Tropical zone
• Warm
• Direct angle of sun rays
• 23.5o North and 23.5o South or near the equator

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4-1 The Role of Climate

• Heat Transport
• Winds form from different temperatures of air
• Ocean currents created by upwelling and surface
  winds

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Biotic Factors
• Living influences on organisms
• Abiotic Factors
• Nonliving factors
• Habitat the area where an organism lives
  (Address)

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Niche full range of physical and biological
  factors in which an organism lives (Job)
• Food
• Physical Conditions
• Reproduction

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Community Interactions shape the ecosystem

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Competition when organisms try to use the same
  ecological resources
• Resources any necessity of life

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Competitive Exclusion Principle no two species
  can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at
  the same time

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Predation one organism captures and feeds on
  another
• Predator
• Prey

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Symbiosis any relationship where two species
  live closely together

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Mutualism both species benefit

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Commensalism one species benefits the other is
  unharmed

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Parasitism one species benefits and the other
  is harmed

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Ecological Succession

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Primary Succession new species grow where no
  soil exists

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Secondary Succession a disturbance changes the
  existing community without removing the soil

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4-2 What is an Ecosystem

• Succession in a Marine Ecosystem

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4-3 Biomes

• Biomes and climate
• Biome a complex of terrestrial communities that
  covers a large area and is characterized by types
  of soil, climate, plants, and animals
• Tolerance ability to survive and reproduce
  under conditions that are less than perfect
• Microclimate climate in a small area that is
  different than the climate around

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4-3 Biomes

• The Major Biomes
• Each biome is defined by a unique set of abiotic
  factors including climate

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4-3 Biomes

• Tropical Rain Forest
• Has more species than all other biomes combined

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Tropical Dry Forest
• Deciduous trees present

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Tropical Savanna

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Desert

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Temperate Grassland

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

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4-3 Biomes

• Temperate Forest
• Mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Northwest Coniferous Forest

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Boreal Forest or Taiga

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Tundra
• Permafrost permanently frozen subsoil

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4-3 Biomes
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4-3 Biomes

• Other land areas
• Mountain Ranges
• Abiotic and Biotic conditions vary with elevation
• Why?

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4-3 Biomes

• Polar Ice Caps
• Cold all year
• Plants
• Mosses and lichens
• Animals
• Polar bears, seals, insects, and mites

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Aquatic Ecosystems
• 3/4ths of the Earth is water
• Determined by depth, flow, temperature, and
  chemistry of water
• Grouped by the abiotic factors affecting them

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Freshwater Ecosystems
• 3 of all water is freshwater
• Two main types
• Flowing-water
• Standing-water

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Flowing-water Ecosystems
• Rivers, streams, creeks, and brooks
• Wildlife is well adapted to the rate of flow

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Standing-water Ecosystems
• Lakes and ponds
• These waters are calm
• Plankton tiny, free-floating organisms
• Phytoplankton single-celled algae
• Zooplankton animal like plankton, which eat
  phytoplankton

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Freshwater Wetlands an ecosystem where water
  covers the soil or is at or near the surface for
  part of the year
• Bogs, marshes, and swamps

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Estuaries wetlands where rivers meet the sea
• Brackish mixture salt and freshwater
• Detritus tiny pieces of food that make up the
  base of the food web

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Marine Ecosystems
• Photic zone well lit upper level of the ocean
• 200 meters deep
• Aphotic zone permanently dark portion of the
  ocean

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Intertidal Zone
• Zonation prominent horizontal banding of
  organisms

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Coastal Ocean area from the low tide to
  continental shelf
• Kelp forests giant brown algae that can grow as
  much as 50 cm a day

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Coral Reefs warm, shallow tropical waters
• Coral animals
• Cannot grow in cold water or water low in salt

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Open Ocean starts at the continental shelf
  outward
• 90 of the ocean
• 500 meters to 11,000 meters deep
• Whales, dolphins, sharks, octopus, and swordfish

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4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Benthic Zone - ocean floor
• Benthos organisms that live attached to or near
  the bottom of the ocean
• Sea stars, anemones, and marine worms