Lecture 8 Psyco 350, A1 Fall, 2006

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Lecture 8 Psyco 350, A1Fall, 2006

• N. R. Brown

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Outline

• Factors that influence Storage
• Rehearsal
• Organization
• Generation
• Levels of Processing
• Encoding Retrieval context effects
• Independent Contexts
• Interactive Contexts
• Forgetting
• decay
• retrieval failure
• interference
• inhabition

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Two Types of Contexts

• Independent The information setting is
  stored together w/ the trace of the stimulus
  focal element, but does not fundamentally
  change the trace.
• Baddeley, p. 287
• external environmental, location
• internal physiological, emotional
• Interactive An interactive encoding occurs
  when the context actually changes the way in
  which the stimulus focal element is encoded.
  -- Baddeley p. 287
• semantic strawberry JAM vs traffic JAM

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Two Types of Contexts

• Independent
• external environmental, location
• internal physiological, emotional
• Interactive
• semantic strawberry JAM vs traffic JAM
• Encoding Specificity Principle
• The probability of recalling an item at test
  depends on the similarity of its encoding at test
  and its encoding at study
• -- Anderson, p 206

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State-Dependent Memory

• General Approach for studying context effects
• materials studied in StateX
• materials tested in StateX or StateY
• State-dependent memory effect observed when
  memory is better when study test states match
  than when they mismatch.

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Context-Dependent MemoryGodden Baddeley, 1975

• Study X Test .
• land land
• underwater underwater
• Participants 16 divers
• Materials 40 words
• Results
• LL gtgt LU
• UU gtgt UL

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Mood-Congruent Memory

• Eich Metcalfe (1989)
• Induce mood by using music.
• Read or generate during study
• Study-Test Design
• Study X Test .
• happy happy
• sad sad

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Mood Congruence Eich Metcalf (1989)

• Results
• Generation Effect
• generate gtgt read
• Mood Congruence
• H/H gtgt H/S
• S/S gtgt S/H
• floor effect for read condition?

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State-Dependent Memory Alcohol

• Goodwin et al (1969)
• Manipulation 10 oz of 80 proof vodka 24 hr
  study-test delay
• Standard 2 X 2 (I)ntoxicated/I, S(ober)/S, I/S,
  S/I
• Results (a) S/S lt SI (b) I/I lt I/S (c) S/I lt
  I/I
• Point (C) ?encoding better when sober.

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State-Dependent Memory Marijuana

• Eich et al (1975)
• Manipulation m(arijuana) vs t(obacco) 4 hr
  study-test delay.
• Standard 2 X 2 m/m, t/t, m/t, t/m
• Results (a) t/t gt t/m (b) m/m gtm/t (c) t/m gt
  m/m
• Point (C) ?encoding better when straight.

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State-dependent Memory

• State-dependent effect strong for recall than
  recognition.
• Reason recall requires more cues, and state
  provides context cues
• Sober_at_study gtgt Blasted_at_study, regardless of test
  state.
• Reason attention, comprehension, elaboration
  processes more effective when sober.

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Interactive Contexts

• General idea
• event traces encode meaning
• meaning emerges from the meanings of the focal
  element and its semantic context.
• retrieval cues that access encoded meaning will
  be more effective than those that do not
• Retrieval Cue
• A hint that can be used to evoke an item that has
  been learnt but cannot be spontaneously recalled

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Encoding Specificity w/ Interactive Contexts

• Thomson Tulving (1970)
• Aim demonstrate that recall depends on match
  between encoded and cued meaning.
• Materials 24 word pairs
• Design Input Contexts (2) X Output Cues (3)
• Input Contexts
• Strong hot COLD
• Weak wind COLD
• Output Cues strong, weak, no-cue

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Results Thomson Craik (1970)

• Recall best when input output match
• Mismatch ?misdirects search.

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LoP Encoding Specificity

• Fisher Craik (1977)
• Aim Demonstrate LoP and ES in same Exp.
• Design
• Encoding Task X Encoding Response X Retrieval Cue
• rhyme YES
  rhyme
• category NO
  category
• sentence
  sentence

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Fisher Craik (1977) Encoding Tasks

• Target Word train or house
• Encoding Tasks
• rhyme Does the word rhyme with brain?
• category Is it a form of transportation?
• sentence John took the ____ to Cleveland?

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Fisher Craik (1977) Results
LoP
.22 .58 .51

• LoP Effect
• Category Sentence gtgt Rhyme

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Fisher Craik (1977) Results
.22 .58 .51

• LoP Effect
• Category Sentence gtgt Rhyme
• Encoding Specificity
• encoding-retrieval cue matches gt mismatches
• example Transfer Appropriate Processing match
  re processing
• Why is cat/rhyme (43) gt rhyme/rhyme (40)?

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Encoding Retrieval Main Points

• Memory Trace is combination of the stimulus and
  the context.
• Context broadly defined
• environmental, physiological, semantic,
  procedural
• Performance depends on
• encoding processes
• similarity between study context test context

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Forgetting General Approaches

• Decay information in memory fades w/ time
  disuse.
• Memory trace spontaneously deteriorates over
  time.
• -- A.B.
• Retrieval failure retrieval cues do not access
  sought after information.
• Interference retrieval of sought-after-informati
  on hindered by presence of other information.
• memory either masks or obliterates other
  information

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Ebbinghaus(1885) The 1st Forgetting Function

• Task learned lists of 13 CVCs to criterion (2
  perfect runs through list).
• Manipulation Study-test delay
• Dependent Variable savings in relearning