Lecture 19 Psyco 350, A1 Fall, 2006

1
Lecture 19 Psyco 350, A1Fall, 2006

• N. R. Brown

2
Lightening the Load

• What you will NOT be held responsible for.
• Chap 8
• pp. 192-199 in Chap 9
• Chap 10
• pp. 26-44 in Chap 2
• Chap 16

3
Why were different sensory modalities used in the
Blaxton Experiment? (Lec 12)

• Test of the TAP hypothesis.
• Position
• Priming depends on match between processing at
  encoding and processing at test
• Priming does not depend on whether the test is
  direct or indirect.
• As predicted
• visual presentation produced priming in
  data-driven tests, regardless of whether they
  were indirect (frag competition) or direct
  (graphic cued recall)

4
Why the exclusion probability is considered the
amount that is wrong?

• Task in Exclusion Condition
• List1 ? New
• List2 ? Old
• So ALL Old response in the exclusion conditions
  are incorrect.

5
Outline

• History Memory
• Background
• The Living-in-History Study
• Extensions of LiH

6
The Living-in-History Project Background
Personal Lives Public Events

• The Default
• (many) parallel streams events in the world
• more or less independent knowledge
  representations in memory

7
Conways Model
8
Organization of Public Events (Brown, 1990)
9
The Living-in-History Project Background
Personal Lives Public Events

• The Default
• parallel streams
• more or less independent knowledge
  representations
• Exceptions
• Flashbulb memories vivid memory of the event of
  learning about an important/surprising public
  event
• Public events sometimes dated with reference to
  personal periods.

10
Example of a Personal Information Used to Date a
Public Event.Question When the Space Shuttle
Launched for the first time?
11
Brown (1990)

• Think aloud while dating recent NEWS events.
• Relevant finding personal information use to
  date 48 of news events
• Conclusion news events sometimes encoded in the
  context of autobiographical events/periods?
• Question Are personal events sometimes encoded
  in the context of public events/periods?

12
The Intuition

• Historical events sometimes create
  personally-relevant public periods (PRPPs).
• People sometimes live in history.
• example The Depression

13
The Living-in-History (LiH) Project

• Empirical Issue
• Do PRPP exist?
• When and where will AM blend w/ recent history?
• Research Strategy
• employ method known to tap contents and
  organization of AM.
• compare results across a set of interesting
  countries

14
Method Phase 1

• Materials
• 20 neutral cue words
• Task
• recall an autobiographical event
• related to cue word
• specific
• at least one week old
• write brief description on index card

15
Method Phase 2

• Task
• estimate when (month year) each event
  occurred.
• Verbal Protocol
• Ps thought aloud while generating dates

16
Participants 10 samples from 8 Countries

• Age 20 to 30 years old
• Education at least 1 year post-secondary
• Long-time resident of test locale

17
(No Transcript)
18
Rationale

• Word-cue Task
• representative sampling of AM
• Event-dating Protocols
• dates typically reconstructed
• contents reflect organization
• If personally-relevant public periods exist, they
  should be mentioned in the protocols.

19
Results Temporal Distribution of Retrieved Events
20
Temporal Distributions All Samples
21
Results Dating Protocols
22
Protocol Coding 4 Categories

• Unjustified
• Justified
• (Strictly) Personal
• Political/Conflict-related
• Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

23
Coding
All Protocols
Unjustified Justified
Personal-only Public
Political/Conflict
P/S/W Public-only Public--Personal
24
Example Protocol Unjustified
25
Example Protocol Personal
26
Example Protocol Political/Conflict
27
Example Protocol Public--Personal
28
Example Protocol Public--Personal
29
Example Protocol Pop/Sports/Weather
30

• The Extremes Peace War

31

• Do people living in conflict-free countries
  refer to public periods/events when dating
  personals events?
• Samples
• Canada
• Denmark

32
(No Transcript)
33
Key Dates Alberta, Canada

• 1988 Gretzky leaves Oilers
• 1995 Quebec referendum
• 2005 Oil hits 70/barrel

34
Edmonton, AB, Canada

• Political/Group-Conflict 0.7
• Pop/Sports/Weather 1.9
• justified dates 424
  
  data collection 9/04
  1/05

35
(No Transcript)
36
Key Dates -- Denmark
37
Aalborg, Denmark

• Political/Group-Conflict 0.0
• Pop/Sports/Weather 2.4
• justified dates 371
  
  data collection 3/05 4/05

38

• Do people living in a war-torn region refer to
  public periods/events when dating personals
  events?
• Samples
• Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Serbia
• Montenegro

39
(No Transcript)
40
The Balkans Background

• 1991 Croatia Slovenia declare independence
• 1991 1995 Civil war in Croatia
• 1992 BH declares independence
• 1992 1995 Civil war in BH
• est. 200,000 fatalities
• 1999 NATO air war (9 weeks) against Serbia (
  Montenegro)
• est. 3,000 fatalities

41
Digression Conflict-related Content
42
Bread Canada
43
BREAD Canada
44
Bread Bosnia

• Waiting in line for bread could have cost me my
  life
• Taste of bread after war
• In the war, I was waiting for bread and just as
  it was my turn they ran out of bread
• In war it happened that we had everything else,
  that is, all food except for bread
• Home-made bread that my aunt baked
• When they sent me to look for bread in Bihac
• Standing in line for one third of a bread
• Reminds me of days in refuge

45
Bread Bosnia

• I ate bran bread
• I remember the war bread that was made with corn
  flower and a little bit of white flower because
  there was shortage of it.
• In the war I ate bread made from bran
• In the store beside Ibre I asked for bread and he
  said "there is no bread here, there is only
  "kruh" (another word for bread)
• I went to the bakery for bread and by the time I
  got home I ate all of it. That's how hungry I was
• The first time I made bread when I didn't have
  money to buy it in a store.

46
Bread Bosnia

• I was standing in the line and waiting for them
  to "distribute" it to us.
• Situation when a homeless person ate bread from a
  garbage bin
• Reminds me of a boy that came to ask for bread
  because he was hungry

47
Bosnia War-related Events

• window
• I remember war and grenades that fell, that is,
  breaking of windows and all the noises.
• 5/93
• street
• A news-stand exploded in the street.
• 9/95

48
Bosnia Personal Events

• river
• When for the first time I went swimming with my
  friends in river Miljacka.
• 7/93
• ball
• While I was dribbling a ball my cousin took a
  picture at exactly the moment when the ball was
  in front of my head.
• 7/95

49
Event Content

• Conflict-related personal events often retrieved.
  
• Strict coding conflict-related events 6.
• Coding Difficulty
• strict coding (appears to) underestimate
  prevalence.

50
Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina

• Political/Group-Conflict 24.1 1990 to 1998
  60.8
• Pop/Sports/Weather 2.4
• justified dates 328
  
  data collection 7/04 10/04

51
Belgrade, Serbia

• Political/Group-Conflict 5.5
• Pop/Sports/Weather 1.8
• justified dates 399
  
  data collection
  2/05

52
Podgorica, Montenegro

• Political/Group-Conflict 4.1
• Pop/Sports/Weather 0.5
• justified dates 392
  
  data collection 7/04 10/04

53

• Terrorism Extraordinary Habitual

54

• Given 9/11 and the US-led GWOT, do Americans
  refer to public periods/events when dating
  personals events?
• Samples
• New York City, NY
• Ann Arbor, MI

55
USA Background

• 1999 Clinton impeached
• 2000 Bush vs. Gore
• 2001 9/11
• aprox. 3,000 fatalities
• 2001 present War in Afghanistan
• 2003 present War in Iraq
• aprox. 3,000 fatalities
• 2004 Bush vs. Kerry
• 2005 Hurricane Katrina

56
USA New York City, NY

• Political/Group-Conflict 0.3
• Pop/Sports/Weather 1.6
• justified dates 312
  
  data collection 2/05

57
USA Ann Arbor, MI

• Political/Group-Conflict 0.0
• Pop/Sports/Weather 0.8
• justified dates 412
  
  data collection 6/05 9/05

58

• Given (a) chronic conflict and (b) personal
  engagement, do people refer to public
  periods/events when dating personals events?
• Sample
• Israel

59
Israel Background

• 1987 1993 First Intifada
• 1993 1994 Oslo Accord birth of PA
• 1995 Rabin assassinated
• 2000 present Second Intifada
• Israeli fatalities est. 1,000
• Palestinian fatalities est. 3,000.

60
High Degree of Personal Engagement

• Universal conscription
• Brief, war-filled history
• Highly politicized population

61
Jerusalem, Israel

• Political/Group-Conflict 0.8
• Pop/Sports/Weather 0.8
• justified dates 380
  
  data collection 5/05 6/05

62
Example Protocol Army Reference
63
Jerusalem, Israel

• Political/Group-Conflict 0.8
• Pop/Sports/Weather 0.8
• Military Service 8.9
• justified dates 380
  
  data collection 5/05 6/05

64

• Natural Disaster Near Far

65

• Do people who have lived through a natural
  disaster refer to it when dating personal events?
• Sample
• Izmit Turkey

66
Background Izmit, Turkey

• Location NW Turkey
• Population ? 2.5 million
• Earthquake
• Date August, 17, 1999
• Strength 7.4
• Fatalities est. 30,000 to 40,000

67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
Izmit, Turkey

• Earthquake-related 12.3
• Political/Group-Conflict 0.0
• Pop/Sports/Weather 5.2
• justified dates 268
  
  data collection 5/06 6/06

72

• Do people who experience a natural disaster
  second-hand refer to it when dating personal
  events?
• Sample
• Ankara Turkey
• (? 250 miles NE of Izmit)

73
Ankara, Turkey

• Earthquake-related 0.0
• Political/Group-Conflict 0.3
• Pop/Sports/Weather 10.4
• justified dates 299
  
  data collection 9/06 10/06

74
Summary
75
Summary

• War in the Balkans
• Intense conflict produced PRPPs
• Effect graded across Balkans

76
Summary

• Natural Disaster
• Major quake produced PRPP
• Effect local to Izmit.

77
Summary

• Terrorism failed to produce PRPPs.

78
Summary

• 9/11 NYC
• Undeniable emotional political impact
• Limited long-term impact on way of life

79
Summary

• Conflict in Israel
• Security issues are a constant.
• Part of a long-term way of life.

80

• When do people refer to public periods/events to
  date personals events?
• Only when public events change the fabric of
  daily life, for a population, for an extended
  period of time.
• Fabric of Daily Life
• dwelling, occupation/education, social network,
  location, consumption habits/opportunities

81
Psychological Questions

• Are historical transitions different from
  personal ones?
• peace ? war ? reconstruction
• high school ? college ? 1st job
• Individual differences
• situational (exposure)
• psychological (traits)
• Age Differences?
• Persistence of PRPPs?

82
Questions Substantive

• Adversarial Asymmetries?
• Israelis vs Palestinians
• Hutus vs Tutsis
• Driven by violence/disaster or change?
• Eastern Europe

83

• Do children in war-torn regions form PRPPs?
• Samples
• Young Bosnians (born ?1984)
• Older Bosnians (born ?1969)

84
(No Transcript)
85

• Do people use PRPPs across the life span?
• Samples
• Old Danes (born ?1926)

86
Old Danes (born ? 1926)

• 36 old Danes
• Use of Political/Conflict related info
• for war years (1936-1948) 33.0
• for non-war years 1.6

87
Summary

• Default
• AM memory for public events are independent.
• LiH pattern exits
• persists over the lifespan
• weaker in young childern
• LiH pattern graded
• reflects intensity of conflict
• terrorism doesnt produce effect

88
Conclusion

• History process public events are reflected in
  AM, only when those processes have a direct
  effect on the population.
• Living in History when the Public is the
  Personal.