Ch' 4: Ecosystems and Communities - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 68
About This Presentation
Title:

Ch' 4: Ecosystems and Communities

Description:

... of the marine zone (covers more than 90% of the surface of the world's oceans) ... Has very low levels of nutrients and supports only the smallest producers ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:64
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 69
Provided by: SWDL
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Ch' 4: Ecosystems and Communities


1
Ch. 4 Ecosystems and Communities
  • pp. 86 - 117

2
4-1 The Role of Climate
  • pp. 87 - 89

3
What is Climate?
  • Weather
  • Day-to-day condition of the Earths atmosphere at
    a particular time and place
  • Climate
  • Refers to the average year-after-year conditions
    of temperature and precipitation in a particular
    region

4
The Greenhouse Effect
  • Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few
    other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and
    maintain Earths temperature range
  • Greenhouse Effect
  • Natural situation in which heat is retained by
    this layer of greenhouse gases

5
(No Transcript)
6
The Effects of Latitude on Climate
  • As a result of differences in latitude and thus
    the angle of heating, Earth has three main
    climate zones polar, temperate, and tropical

7
Climate Zones
8
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
  • The unequal heating of the Earths surface drives
    wind and ocean currents, which transport heat
    throughout the biosphere

9
4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem
  • pp. 90 - 97

10
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
  • Biotic factors
  • Include all living organisms that inhabit and
    environment.
  • Abiotic factors
  • The nonliving parts of an organisms environment.
  • Examples
  • Air currents, soil, temperature, light and
    moisture
  • These factors typically determine species
    survival.

11
  • Habitat
  • Place where an organism lives out its life
  • Organisms of different species use a variety of
    strategies to live and reproduce in their habitat.

12
The Niche
  • Niche
  • The role and position a species has in its
    environment.
  • Includes how it meets its needs for food and
    shelter, how it survives, how it reproduces, and
    how it interacts with the biotic and abiotic
    factors of its environment.

13
Community Interactions
  • Community interactions, such as competition,
    predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can
    powerfully affect an ecosystem.

14
Competition
  • Resource
  • Any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients,
    light, food, or space
  • This leads to competition
  • Competitive exclusion principle
  • States that no two species can occupy the same
    niche in the same habitat at the same time

15
Predation
  • Predation interaction in which one organism
    captures and feeds on another organism
  • Harmful to one species, yet beneficial to
    another.
  • Predator is the animal that capture, kill and
    consume the prey.
  • This is referred to as the predator-prey
    relationships

16
Symbiosis
  • Symbiosis (living together)
  • Relationships between organisms that help
    maintain survival between species.
  • 3 main classes of symbiotic relationships
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism

17
Mutualism
  • Both species benefit from the relationship

18
Commensalism
  • One species benefits and the other is neither
    harmed nor benefited

19
Parasitism
  • One organism derives benefit at the expense of
    another, without actually killing the host.

20
Succession Changes over Time
  • Ecological Succession
  • The orderly, natural changes and species
    replacements that take place in the communities
    of an ecosystem
  • Eventually a climax community (a stable, mature
    community that undergoes little or no change in
    species) results.

21
(No Transcript)
22
  • Primary Succession the sequential development
    of living communities from bare rock
  • Example volcano erupting
  • Pioneer species the first species to populate
    the area
  • Secondary Succession occurs when communities
    are disrupted
  • Examples forest fire, hurricane

23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
4-3 Biomes
  • Pg. 98 105

26
Biomes
  • Biome
  • A complex of terrestrial communities that covers
    a large area
  • Characterized by certain soil and climate
    conditions and particular plants and animals.
  • Tolerance
  • Ability to survive and reproduce under conditions
    that differ from their optimal conditions.

27
The Major Biomes
  • Includes
  • Tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest,
    tropical savanna, desert, temperate grassland,
    temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate
    forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal
    forest, and tundra.
  • Two climate factors, temperature and
    precipitation, are the major limiting factors for
    the formation of terrestrial biomes.

28
  • Tropical Rain Forest
  • Home to more species of organisms than any other
    place on earth
  • Warm temperatures (25C), wet weather (200 cm
    600 cm per year)
  • Lush plant growth
  • Located near the equator
  • Vertical layering (ground, understory, canopy)

29
  • Tropical Rain Forest (cont.)
  • Plants hardwoods (mahogany), orchids, moss and
    ferns
  • Animals monkeys, birds, bats, chameleons,
    snakes, jaguar, ants, termites, and earthworms
  • Soil not nutrient rich

30
(No Transcript)
31
  • Tropical Dry Forest
  • Rainfall is highly season
  • Trees lose their leaves during the dry season -
    deciduous
  • Located just above and below the equator
  • Plants deciduous trees, orchids and bromeliads,
    and aloes
  • Animals tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses,
    termites, snakes and monitor lizards

32
(No Transcript)
33
  • Tropical Savanna
  • Characterized by a cover of grasses
  • Spotted with isolated shrubs and trees
  • Compact soils and fairly frequent fires
  • Plants tall perennial grasses, trees and shrubs
  • Animals lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas,
    jackals, elephants, giraffes, zebras, eagles,
    ostriches, and termites

34
(No Transcript)
35
  • Desert
  • Driest biome less than 25cm of precipitation
    annually
  • Plants cacti and small shrubs
  • Animals desert tortoises, snakes, coyotes,
    hawks, owls, roadrunners, lizards, and scorpions

36
(No Transcript)
37
  • Grassland Breadbaskets of the World
  • Large community covered with grasses and similar
    small plants
  • Experience a dry season
  • Contains fewer than 10 15 trees per hectare
  • Animals grazing animals (bison), coyotes,
    wolves, prairie dogs, insects, birds and reptiles
  • Plants any type of grasses (oats, rye, wheat)

38
(No Transcript)
39
  • Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
  • Semiarid climate
  • Characterized by open woodlands, large areas of
    grasses and wildflowers with oak trees
  • Plants evergreen shrubs, herbs
  • Animals coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions,
    blacktailed deer, rabbits, quails, lizards and
    snakes

40
(No Transcript)
41
  • Temperate Forest
  • Between 70 150 cm of precipitation annually
  • Top layer of soil is very rich
  • Plants Dominated by broad leaved deciduous
    hardwoods, conifers, flowering shrubs, ferns
  • Animals squirrels, deer, rabbits, mice, black
    bears, bluejays, and salamanders
  • This is where we live.

42
(No Transcript)
43
  • Northwestern Coniferous Forest
  • Moist air from the Pacific Ocean provides
    abundant rainfall
  • Located along the northern California coast
  • Plants Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western
    hemlock, redwoods
  • Animals bears, elk and deer, beavers, owls,
    bobcats and weasels

44
cold bu
45
  • Boreal Forest (Taiga)
  • Along the northern edge of the temperate zone
  • Winters are bitterly cold but summers are mild
  • Acidic nutrient-poor soil
  • Plants spruce, fir, berry-bearing shrubs
  • Animals lynxes, timber wolves, moose, beavers,
    migratory birds

46
(No Transcript)
47
  • Tundra
  • Treeless land with long summer days and short
    periods of winter sunlight
  • Temperatures never rise above freezing for long
  • Permafrost permanently frozen ground under the
    topsoil
  • Thin topsoil can only support shallow-rooted
    grasses and other small plants lacks nutrients

48
  • Tundra
  • Process of decay is slow because of cold
    temperatures
  • Short growing season
  • Plants grasses, dwarf shrubs, cushion plants
  • Animals migratory waterfowl, shore birds, musk
    ox, artic foxes, caribou and lemming

49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Pg. 106 - 112

52
Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by
    the depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of
    the overlying water.

53
Freshwater Ecosystems
  • Two main types
  • Flowing-water ecosystems
  • Rivers, stream, creeks and brooks
  • Originate in mountains or from an underground
    water source
  • Upstream insect larvae, catfish, trout
  • Downstream turtles, beavers and river otters

54
  • Two main types (cont.)
  • Standing-water ecosystems
  • Lakes and ponds
  • Water is usually circulating within them
  • Organisms plankton ( tiny, free-floating
    organisms)
  • Phytoplankton algae
  • Zooplankton animal-like that feed on
    phytoplankton

55
y
  • Freshwater Wetlands
  • Wetland an ecosystem in which water either
    covers the soil or is present at or near the
    surface of the soil for part of the year
  • Water may be flowing or standing and can be
    freshwater, salt water or brackish
  • 3 main types bogs, marshes and swamps

56
Estuaries
  • Estuaries
  • wetlands formed where rives meet the sea
  • Affected by the high and low tide
  • Producers plants, algae and bacteria
  • Detritus organic matter that provides food for
    clams, worms and sponges
  • Serve as spawning grounds for shrimp and crabs

57
  • Salt marshes
  • temperate-zone estuaries dominated by
    salt-tolerant grasses
  • Located along eastern North America from Maine to
    Georgia
  • Mangrove swamps
  • Coastal wetlands along the tropical regions
    including Florida (Everglades) and Hawaii
  • Plants salt-tolerant trees and seagrasses
  • Serve as nurseries for fish and shellfish

58
(No Transcript)
59
Marine Ecosystems
  • Photic zone shallow enough for sunlight
  • Photosynthesis occurs here through algae and
    other producers
  • Aphotic zone deeper water that never receives
    sunlight
  • Chemosynthetic autotrophs live here

60
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Marine biologists divide the oceans into zones
    based on the depth and distance from the shore.
  • Intertidal zone
  • Coastal ocean
  • Open ocean

61
(No Transcript)
62
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Intertidal Zone
  • Organisms that live here are exposed to regular
    and extreme changes in their surroundings
  • Submerged twice a day and exposed to air,
    sunlight, and temperature changes rest of the
    day.
  • Zonation- prominent horizontal banding of
    organisms that live in a particular habitat

63
(No Transcript)
64
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Coastal Ocean
  • Extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge
    of the continental shelf (relatively shallow
    border that surrounds the continents)
  • Located in the photic zone and is rich in
    plankton and other organisms
  • Kelp forests named for the giant brown algae
    that can grow up to 50 cm a day
  • Most productive coastal ocean communities

65
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Coral Reefs
  • Named for the coral animals whose hard, calcium
    carbonate skeletons make up their primary
    structure
  • Most diverse and productive environment
  • Thrive only in brightly lit areas within 40
    meters of the surface

66
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Open Ocean
  • Begins at the edge of the continental shelf and
    extends outward
  • Largest of the marine zone (covers more than 90
    of the surface of the worlds oceans)
  • Depth is from 500 m to 11,000 m
  • Organisms exposed to high pressure, frigid
    temperatures, and total darkness

67
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Open Ocean (continued)
  • Has very low levels of nutrients and supports
    only the smallest producers
  • Most of the Earths photosynthetic production
    occurs in the part of the open ocean in the
    photic zone (due to the enormous area)
  • Common organisms squid, octopus, whale,
    dolphins, swordfish, variety of fish

68
Marine Ecosystems (continued)
  • Benthic Zone
  • Extends from horizontally along the ocean floor
    from the coastal ocean through the open ocean
  • Benthos organisms (such as sea stars, anemones,
    and marine worms) that live on the oceans floor
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com