The First Global Civilization: The Rise of Islam

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Chapter 6

• The First Global Civilization The Rise of Islam

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Before Islam

• Bedouin
• Nomadic Herders
• Small trading towns
• Clan Identity
• Shaykhs
• Rivalries
• Trade
• Mecca (Umayyad clan of Quraysh)
• Kaba
• Medina (2 bedouin and 3 Jewish clans)

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• Mecca

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Before Islam

• Family life
• Women had more freedom, Husbands away
• Tribal Councils
• Poetry
• Only major art form
• Polytheistic

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Muhammad and Islams origins

• Prominent Family and Clan (raised by family
  members of clan due to Dad and Mom dying)
• His Uncle and Grandfather
• Mecca
• Khadijah
• Travel and Trade
• 610-Gabriel
• Quran

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Muhammad and Islams Origins cont

• Preaching in Mecca
• Umayyads
• Threatening the Kabas gods
• Ali
• Medina
• Muhammads triumphs

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Islam

• Bedouins and early Arabian town dwellers
• Appeals to Arabs
• Umma (community of the faithful)
• Law code
• Refinement of Jewish and Christian revelations
• Egalitarianism

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Islam cont

• 5 Pillars
• The Confession of Faith There is no God but
  Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet
• Prayer
• Ramadan
• Zakat
• Hajj

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The Arab Empire of the Umayyads

• 632 Muhammad dies suddenly (with no successor)
• Split leads to fighting and eventual
  consolidation.
• Eventually they dominate Mesopotamia, Egypt, and
  Persia
• Expansion- Jihad and exposing weakness of
  neighbors

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The Sunni/Shia Split

• Ali
• Abu Baker-named Caliph
• Uthmans death- Medina vs Mecca
• Ali and mediation
• Alis son, Iraq, Karbala
• Shia dont recognize Caliphs (except Ali)
• Overtime, factional disputes, differences in
  ritual, beliefs, and law have widen the
  differences (Fragmentation of Shia also has
  added to the problem)

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Umayyad

• Move to Damascus after Uthmans death
• Bureaucracy-made up of Arab warrior
  elite/aristocrats
• Only Arab males were 1st class citizens
• Uneven sharing of wealth
• No tax (but Zakat)
• Converts mawali-still had to pay taxes and head
  tax for non believers
• Dhimmi- Xians and Jews (also will include
  Zorastrians and Hindus)

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Umayyad decline

• Luxury lifestyle turns people against them
• Warriors settled in the East (Iran) and
  intermarry and identify with locals, despise
  Damascus
• Abbasid (descent from Muhammads uncle, al-Abbas)
• Make alliances with mawali, Shia, and other
  dissidents
• Caliphate of Cordoba

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The Abbasid

• Brutally put down the Umayyad
• Go after Shia and other former allies
• Absolutist imperial order- bureaucracy
• Baghdad
• Persian Influence
• Jewel thrones, large harems, palaces, etc.
• Wazir
• Farther from the capital, less enforcement of laws

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Abbasid cont

• Conversion and acceptance of Arabs and non-Arabs
  into Umma
• Conversion-no head tax and
• Advancing in schooling and launch careers in
  trading, administration and judges
• Persians-administrators, eventually run empire

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Abbasid Economy

• Revived commercial system
• Han and Roman collapse saw a decline revived by
  Arab traders and the Tang and Song (china)
• dhows
• Lots of - reinvesting in land, commercial
  farms, construction
• Charities too-schools, mosques, rest houses,
  baths, and superior medical care (in comparison
  to the rest of the world)
• Artisans
• Ayan

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Intellectual development

• Alexandria
• Great Mosques
• Saved Greek learning (Jews also involved) in
  algebra, geometry, medicine, astronomy, anatomy,
  and ethics
• Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Ptolemy, and
  Euclid