Plant Growth and Reproduction

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Plant Growth and Reproduction
Modified by GA Agricultural Education Curriculum
Office July 2002
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I. Stages in Plant Growth

• A. Planting of seed
• B. Germination
• C. Emergence of seedling
• D. Vegetative growth
• E. Reproduction
• F. Production of seed
• G. Maturity
• H. Death or harvesting

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II. Life Cycles of Plants
A. Annual B. Winter Annual C. Biennial D.
Perennial
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III. Uses of Plants

• A. Cereal or Grain Crops
• B. Oil Seed Crops
• C. Forage and Pasture Crops
• D. Root and Tuber Crops
• E. Fiber Crops
• F. Sugar Crops
• G. Special Crops

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IV. Plant Classification
A. The two general categories of flowering plants
are 1. Monocotyledonous- includes the
grasses 2. Dicotyledonous includes the
broadleaf plants B. Definitions 1. Cotyledon
embryonic leaves that serve as food storing
organs. 2. Monocotyledon a flowering plant
with one seed leaf or cotyledon 3. Dicotyledon
a flowering plant with two seed leaves or
cotyledons
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V. Plant Parts and Functions
A. Root - anchors the plant absorbs water and
minerals and transports them to the stem stores
food produced by the above ground portion of the
plant B. Stem - the above ground portion of the
plant attachment point for leaves, flowers,
stems, etc. contains water and food C. Leaf -
contains organelles that photosynthesize D. Bud
or Flower - reproductive organs
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VI. Root Types
A. Two types of roots 1. Fibrous Root a type
of root system characterized by many branches of
roots 2. Taproot a type of root system
includes the primary root from which all other
lateral/secondary roots grow
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VII. Plant Stems and Vascular System
A. External Parts of the Stem 1. Nodes region
on a stem where one or more leaves are attached
2. Internode the region on a stem that is in
between two nodes 3. Terminal Bud located on
the ends of branches or an axis 4. Auxillary
Bud located in the axil of a leaf (where the
leaf attaches to the shoot) B. Internal Parts
of the Stem 1. Xylem one component of the
vascular system that transports water 2. Phloem
another component of the vascular system that
transports manufacutured products
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VIII. Leaves
A. Parts of the leaf 1. Blade 2. Petiole 3.
Stipule 4. Sheath 5. Ligule 6. Auricle B.
Leaf types 1. Simple leaf 2. Compound leaf
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VIII. Leaves (cont.)
C. Leaf Functions 1. Photosynthesis process
where the plant uses sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide to make food for growth and
respiration 2. Respiration process where
plants convert sugar to energy
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IX. The Parts of a Flower
A. Pistil ( Female) 1. Stigma 2. Style 3.
Ovary B. Stamen (Male) 1. Anther 2. Filament
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X. Terms and Definitions Associated with Flowers

• A. Complete Flower flower that has four of the
  major parts sepals, petals, stamen, pistil
• B. Incomplete Flower flowers that lack one or
  more parts of the complete flower
• C. Perfect Flower has both male and female
  parts
• D. Imperfect Flower missing one of the organs
  found on a perfect flower

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XI. Sexual Reproduction

• A. Definitions
• 1. Pollination transfer of pollen from anther
  to stigma
• 2. Fertilization union of plant egg and sperm
• 3. Self Pollination process where pollen is
  transferred from an anther to a stigma of the
  same flower or to another flower of the same
  plant
• 4. Cross Pollination process where pollen is
  transferred from the anther of one flower to the
  stigma of another flower on a different plant

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XI. Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
B. Requirements for Sexual Reproduction 1.
Formation of flower 2. Pollination 3.
Fertilization 4. Development of the seed
5. Growth of seed into new plant
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XII. Germination
A. Stages in Seed Germination 1. Water
imbibition 2. Enzyme activation 3.
Hydrolysis and catabolism of storage
compounds 4. Initiation of embryo growth 5.
Anabolism and formation of new cell
structures 6. Emergence of seedling
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XIII. Asexual Propagation
A. Asexual Reproduction- reproduction without
seed B. Occurs naturally in some plants
through 1. Stolons above ground stems 2.
Rhizomes underground stems C. Plants can be
propagated asexually in horticulture through 1.
Cuttings 2. Budding 3. Grafting 4. Layering