Title: cytosol
1???????????? ???? ?????
2????????? ?????????? ??????? ????
???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???
??????
??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????
???????.
???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????
?????? ? ???? ?? ???????
?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????
????? ? ???????? ?? ???????.
?? cytosol (??? ???) ? ????? ???? ???????? ??
?????? ??? ????? ??? ???.
32 ??? ????
- ???? ??????? ???? ???? nucleoid ?? nucleus ?????
?? ?? ?? ???? ( ?????? ???? ????) ??????? ?
????? ??????? - ?? ???????? nucleoid ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (????
????????) ????????? ???? ??????. - ?? ??????? ?? ???? (nucleus) ???? ???? ???? ?????
??? eukaryote ???? ?????? (?? ?????? eu ?? ????
????? ? karyote ?? ???? ???? ???.)
4????? ??????? ????
- ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????
?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? - ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 5 ??
10 ?????? ???. - ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1 ?? 2
?????? ?????. - ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? mycoplasmas
????? ?? ????? ??? 200 ??????? ?? ?????.
5????? ??????? ??????? ????
6????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????
- ???????
- ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????
?????. - ??????
- ???????
7???????
??????????
???????????
????????
????
????
??????? ???-???
????????
??????
?????
8????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
9?????????? Archae ? Bacteria ?? ???? ???? ?????
?? ?? ?? ????? ???????
- Aerobic
- Obligate/strict
- Anaerobic
- Obligate/strict
- Facultative
-
10?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????
11??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????
- ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????
???? ???? ?? ???? ???(species) ????? ??? ? ?? ??
???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???. - ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???
- ??? ??? ??? ((genus ???? ?? ???? ?? ???
- ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? (epithet) ???? ?? ???? ?? ???
12????? ?? ???? ??? ???????
- ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??
???? ??????? ????? ?? ???. - ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? (capital) ?????
?????.
13????
- ?????? ?? ??? Lactococcus ???? ?? lactis
- Lactococcus lactis
Specific, descriptive (epithet) name
Genus or generic name
14???? ???? ???? ??
- ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (strain)
?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???
??????? (subspecies) ????? ???. - ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? subsp. ?? ssp.
???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???.
15????
- Lactococcus lactis ssp. Cremoris
- ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????
???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????
??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????
??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ???? - Lactococcus lactis is a species of bacteria which
is used extensivley in the food, and especially
dairy, industries. L. lactis (or Lac. Lactis )
can convert lactose in milk to lactic acid.
16????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
- ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???
??????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???
?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????. - ????
- Pediococcus acidilactici LB923
17???? ???? ??????? ??
- ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????
????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??
????. - ???? ??? ???????
- Serovar
- ?? ????? ???? ???
- Biovar
- ????? ?? ????? ?????
- Phagovar
- ???? ?? ?? ???
- ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????.
18???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????
- ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
????? ????? acea ??? ????? ?? ???. - ???? Enterobacteriaceae
- ?? ?????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????
???? ?????? spp. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??
??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????
??? ????? ????? ?? ???. - ???? Lactobacilli ?? Lactobacillus spp.
19??? ????? ???????
- ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
????? ??? ???. - ????? ?????? ???????
- ???? ????? ?/?? ??? (???? ????????????? T4 ??
?) - ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? (???? ????? ??????
?) - ?????? ???? (???? Norwalk virus)
20???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
21????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????
???? ??????? (?????) ?????????? ?? ?? ????
?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???
???. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????
?????? ???.
???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?
????????? ????? ??? ???.????????? ????????? ?????
?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??
???? (??????? ? ?????)?? ??? ????? ? ??? ????
???? (?????????) ?? ??? ???? ???.
????? ??? ???? (pseudopeptidoglycan) ??
????????? ??? ??????
22??????? ??????????
- ?? ?????
- ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????
- Spirilla (spirals)
- Cocci (spheres)
- Bacilli (rods)
- ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????.
- ??????? ???? ????? (motile)
- ???? ????? ?? 2 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? (binary
fission)
233 ??? ????????
24????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???
- ??? ????
- ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??????? (??? ???????)? ????????? ????????
(??? ?????? ??????) ? ???? ???????? (??? ?????)
?????? ?????. - e.g. Acetic acid bacteria, Enteric or coliform
bacteria (e,g, E. coli), Pseudomonads, Rhizobium,
Rhodospirillum, Zymomonas - ??? ????
- e.g. Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium,
Lactic acid bacteria - ?????
- e.g. Mycoplasma
25????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (endospore)
- Bacillus
- Clostridium
26????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ??????? ???????
- Cyanobacteria
- blue-green algae
- Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
- the purple and green bacteria
27Actinomycetes
- ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????
?? ???? ?????. - ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????
??? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????
??? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????
?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????
????? ?????? ???????? ?????
28Archaebacteria
- ????? ???? ??????????? ??????.
- ????? ?????????? ?? RNA ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???
????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??
?????????? ????. - ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?
????????? ???? ?????? ???. - ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????
- Methanogens
- Thermoacidophiles
- halobacteria
29?????? ??????? ??????????
- ???)??????? ??????
- ?) ?????
30(No Transcript)
31(No Transcript)
32????? ???????? ???????????
- ????????
- ????
- ????
- ??????? ??????? ? ??????? (?????)
- ??????? ?? ????? (??????)
33????????
- ?????? ??? 4 ?????? ?? 1 ???? ???
- ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????
???? ?????? - ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? (flagella) ???? ???????.
- E.g Trypanosomes
- ?????? ?? ?? ???? cilia ???? ???????.
- E.g ciliates
- ???? ??? cytoplasmic streaming ???? ???????.
- E.g. amoebae
- ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????.
- E.g. sporozoans
34??????
- ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????
????? ?????? - ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ??????? ? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ??? ???) - ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
????. - ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ?????. - E.g. diatoms
- ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????
???? ?????. - ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? SCP ??????? ?? ???
- E.g. Chloreila, Scenedesmus, Spirullina,
Dunaliella
35??????
- ??????? ????? ??????
- ??? ?????? ????
- ??? ?????? ???????
- ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??
????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????
??? ???. - ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
36????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????
- Phycomycetes
- Algae-like fungi
- Ascomycetes
- E.g. the genera Neurospora and Aspergillus
- Basidiomycetes
- E.g. mushrooms
- Deutromycetes (Fungi imperfecti)
- E.g. Trichophyton (pathogenic fungi)
37????? ????????????
- ??????
- ?? ??????? ??? ????
- ?? ????? ?????
- ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????
- ?????? ?????
- Asexual (budding and fission)
- Sexual
- Conjugation of two haploid cell to form a zygote
followed by division to form ascospores
38????? ???? ? ??????? ??????
39????? ?????? ?????
- ????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ?????? ????
- ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????
- ??? ????? ???? ?? ( ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??
????) - ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????.
- ???? ??? ??? ?????
- E.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium
40?????? ???????? ?????
??? (hyphae)
41??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???
(exospore)
????? -conidia (????) -sporangium (?? ????)
??? ?????
??? ??????
????? (septate)
????? -non-septate -septate-uninucleate -septate-
multinucleate
42???????
- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.
- ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? (?? ??????
0.01 ?? 0.25 ??????) - ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???????.
- ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ??
?????? (??????? ???? ????? ?????)
43???? ????? ???????
- ???? Lysogenic
- ???? Lytic
44????? ???? Lytic???? ?????? Lytic
- ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
- ????? DNA ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
- ???? ????????? ?? DNA ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????
? DNA ??? ?? ????? ??????? - ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???
???? ????? - ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????
45???? ???? Lytic
46???? Lysogenic
- ?? ??? ???? DNA ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????
???? ?????? ?????? (?? ???????? ?? ?? Prophage
????????)