Title: cytosol
1???????? ?? ???????????
- ??? 2
- ???????????? ???????
2????????? ?????????? ??????? ????
???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???
??????
??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????
???????.
???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????
?????? ? ???? ?? ???????
?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????
????? ? ???????? ?? ???????.
?? cytosol (??? ???) ? ????? ???? ???????? ??
?????? ??? ????? ??? ???.
32 ??? ????
- ???? ??????? ???? ???? nucleoid ?? nucleus ?????
?? ?? ?? ???? ( ?????? ???? ????) ??????? ?
????? ??????? - ?? ???????? nucleoid ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (????
????????) ????????? ???? ??????. - ?? ??????? ?? ???? (nucleus) ???? ???? ???? ?????
??? eukaryote ???? ?????? (?? ?????? eu ?? ????
????? ? karyote ?? ???? ???? ???.)
4????? ??????? ????
- ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????
?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? - ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 5 ??
10 ?????? ???. - ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1 ?? 2
?????? ?????. - ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? mycoplasmas
?????? ?? ????? ??? 200 ??????? ?? ????.
5????? ??????? ??????? ????
6????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????
- ???????
- ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????
?????. - ??????
- ???????
7???????
??????????
???????????
????????
????
????
??????? ???-???
????????
??????
?????
8????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
9?????????? Archae ? Bacteria ?? ???? ???? ?????
?? ?? ?? ????? ???????
- Aerobic
- Obligate/strict
- Anaerobic
- Obligate/strict
- Facultative
-
10?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????
11??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????
- ????
- Escherichia coli K12 or E.coli K12
Designates the strain
Specific, descriptive name
??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? (species name) ??
????.??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???.
Genus or generic name
12??????? ??????????
- ?? ?????
- ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????
- Spirilla (spirals)
- Cocci (spheres)
- Bacilli (rods)
- ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????.
- ??????? ???? ????? (motile)
- ???? ????? ?? 2 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? (binary
fission)
133 ??? ????????
14????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???
- ??? ????
- e.g. Acetic acid bacteria, Enteric or coliform
bacteria (e,g, E. coli), Pseudomonads, Rhizobium,
Rhodospirillum, Zymomonas - ??? ????
- e.g. Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium,
Lactic acid bacteria - ?????
- e.g. Mycoplasma
15????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (endospore)
- Bacillus
- Clostridium
16????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ??????? ???????
- Cyanobacteria
- blue-green algae
- Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
- the purple and green bacteria
17Actinomycetes
- ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????
?? ???? ?????. - ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????
??? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????
??? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????
?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????
????? ?????? ???????? ?????
18Archaebacteria
- ????? ???? ??????????? ??????.
- ????? ?????????? ?? RNA ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???
????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??
?????????? ????. - ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?
????????? ???? ?????? ???. - ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????
- Methanogens
- Thermoacidophiles
- halobacteria
19???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
20????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????
???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????
????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???. ?? ????
???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???.
????? ??? ???? (pseudopeptidoglycan) ??
????????? ??? ??????
21?????? ??????? ??????????
- ???)??????? ??????
- ?) ?????
22(No Transcript)
23(No Transcript)
24????? ???????? ???????????
- ????????
- ????
- ????
- ??????? ??????? ? ??????? (?????)
- ??????? ?? ????? (??????)
25????????
- ?????? ??? 4 ?????? ?? 1 ???? ???
- ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????
???? ?????? - ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? (flagella) ???? ???????.
- E.g Trypanosomes
- ?????? ?? ?? ???? cilia ???? ???????.
- E.g ciliates
- ???? ??? cytoplasmic streaming ???? ???????.
- E.g. amoebae
- ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????.
- E.g. sporozoans
26??????
- ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????
????? ?????? - ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ??????? ? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ??? ???) - ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
????. - ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ?????. - E.g. diatoms
- ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????
???? ?????. - ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? SCP ??????? ?? ???
- E.g. Chloreila, Scenedesmus, Spirullina,
Dunaliella
27??????
- ??????? ????? ??????
- ??? ?????? ????
- ??? ?????? ???????
- ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
?????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???.
28????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????
- Phycomycetes
- Algae-like fungi
- Ascomycetes
- E.g. the genera Neurospora and Aspergillus
- Basidiomycetes
- E.g. mushrooms
- Deutromycetes (Fungi imperfecti)
- E.g. Trichophyton (pathogenic fungi)
29????? ????????????
- ??????
- ?? ??????? ??? ????
- ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????.
- ?????? ?????
- Asexual (budding and fission)
- Sexual
- Conjugation of two haploid cell to form a zygote
followed by division to form ascospores
30????? ???? ? ??????? ??????
31????? ?????? ?????
- ????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????
- ??? ????? ???? ?? ( ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??
????) - ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????.
- ???? ??? ??? ?????
- E.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium
32?????? ???????? ?????
33??? 2 ???? ??? ????? ???
34???????
- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.
- ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? (?? ??????
0.01 ?? 0.25 ??????) - ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???????.
- ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ??
?????? (??????? ???? ????? ?????)
35???? ????? ???????
- ???? Lysogenic
- ???? Lytic
36????? ???? Lytic???? ?????? Lytic
- ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
- ????? DNA ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
- ???? ????????? ?? DNA ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????
? DNA ??? ?? ????? ??????? - ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???
???? ????? - ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????
37???? ???? Lytic
38???? Lysogenic
- ?? ??? ???? DNA ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????
???? ?????? ?????? (?? ???????? ?? ?? Prophage
????????)