Grammar 101

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Grammar101

• Its Not That Hard

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The Big Picture

• Parts of Speech
• Types of Sentences
• Methods of Punctuation
• Usage Putting It All Together

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Parts of Speech

• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Verbs
• Adverbs
• Adjectives
• Prepositions
• Interjections
• Conjunctions

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Types of SentencesThe Building Blocks

• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Introductory Phrase

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Nouns

• Common

Proper
Lower Case
Upper Case
Golden Gate Bridge Harvard University German
sausages (adjective)
bridges schools sausages
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Pronouns
Who or Whom I or Me Agreement (Everyone is
one) Political Correctness (avoid he/she)
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Verbs
Subject-Verb Agreement (not he dont) Tense
(Keep it consistent)
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Adjective/Adverb
Adjectives modify Nouns or pronouns.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs.
Good Quick
Well Quickly
He is a good speaker and a quick thinker.
He speaks well and thinks quickly
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Prepositions
Cant end with! Where are you at? OK Where are
you from?
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Conjunctions The Glue
Coordinating
Coordinating conjunctions join sentence
elements.
And, but, or, nor, for, so yet (Fanboys)
He is an artist, and she is a businesswoman.
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Conjunctions The Glue
Subordinating
Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate
clauses to independent clauses.

After, although, because, before, if since,
unless, when, while, etc.
Although he is an artist, she is a businesswoman.
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Simple SentenceTHE BRICK
Needs a subject, verb, and a complete thought

The movie was great.
The movie and dinner were great.
The movie was action-packed and funny.
Watch for fragments that are incomplete or
subordinated.
The dog barking at a stranger. After finishing
his homework.
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Try These

• Standing at the plate next to the catcher.
• On the south side of the Golden Gate Bridge
  in San Francisco
• Playing basketball in the scorching hot sun.
• The amateur architect was constructing his first
  home
• College basketball differs from professional
  basketball. Because the players play for a pure
  love of the game.

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Compound Sentence
Two for one Simply combining two simple
sentences.This is how we actually speak How to
punctuate? The trick Find all the simple
sentences the bricks. The second trick Use a
period, a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon,
or, at times, a colon.
The dog barked. The cat ran. The dog barked, and
the cat ran. The dog barked the cat ran.
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Coordinating Conjunctions
Independent Clause
Independent Clause
,and
,but
,or
,for
,so
,yet
Subject Verb
,nor
Subject Verb
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Compound Sentences
The movie was great,
but the dinner was terrible.
The movie was action packed,
but it was also funny.
The office door is open,
and the dean is in.
I like to eat pizza with anchovies,
and she loves fresh fruit with yogurt.
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Semicolons
Semicolons connect independent clauses not linked
by a coordinating conjunction.
Primary goal is to divide two complete sentences
and to emphasize the second.
The principal is in his office. He wants to see
you
The principal is in his office, and he wants to
see you.
The principal is in his office he wants to see
you.
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NoteWatch OutBe Careful
Conjunctive adverbs Therefore, Moreover,
However, Nevertheless, Consequently, Furthermore
Or transitional phrases after all, as a matter
of fact, at any rate, on the contrary, on the
other hand, for example, for instance, etc.
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Use with a semicolon and a comma The results of
the survey were staggering however, further
research is necessary. The publicity for the
film has been enormous as a result, the lines
were out the door.
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Colons

• Surprise, it is helpful and easy.
• It introduces.
• Signals the meaning to go ahead.
• Used for amplification, not contrast.

Second clause explains the first
He lived for one thing he lived to make
money. Faith is like love it can not be
forced. Never learn to do anything if you dont
learn, youll always find someone else to do it
for you.
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Try These

• The movie was long but it wasnt boring.
• James visited Disneyland and Tom went to Knotts
  Berry Farm.
• I really love my job I hate my boss.
• John wants to go out on the town Tom doesnt
• These DVD players are the best available they
  have the best sound and graphics for the money.
• The president was concerned about the financial
  crisis he called a special meeting with his
  advisors.

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Complex Sentences

• Have at least one independent clause and at
  least one
• subordinate
• Independent clause (a brick)
• The Train already left
• Subordinate Clause (a broken piece)
• When we reached the station
• The Trick connect the dependent to the
  independent.
• When we reached the station, the train had
  already left.

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Introductory Clauses
A comma follows an introductory clause that
precedes an independent clause.
Although I studied hard, I failed the test.
When I arrive early, I dont become stressed.
Because I work hard, I will succeed.
Note When the phrase follows the independent
clause, no comma is necessary.
I will succeed because I work hard.
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Try These

• I will become a doctor after I complete my
  degree.
• Although I hate your study habits I still love
  you.
• I cant buy anything in this store because Im
  broke.
• Because my friends were there I had a great time
  at the beach.
• Whenever I see your smiling face it makes me so
  happy inside.

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Watch out for the Run On
The smacking together of two bricks without
mortar two simple sentences without punctuation.
I love to eat pizza with anchovies and olives the
taste is so refreshing.
Your face is extremely fascinating to me I can
look at you all day.
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And The Comma Splice
Two bricks and just a comma.
I love to eat pizza with anchovies and olives,
the taste is so refreshing.
Your face is extremely fascinating to me can, I
look at you all day.
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Try These

• It was a beautiful apartment, the place was
  decorated very well.
• Civilization did not begin with the wheel it
  began with coffee.
• Doing the laundry is a horrible job and I hate to
  have to do it.
• The price of homes in Orange County has been
  soaring though the roof, in fact, they will soon
  become unaffordable for almost everyone.
• The clouds are darkening on the horizon it will
  almost certainly rain.

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Grammar101

• The End