ENG 101/102

1
ENG 101/102

• Quotation, Paraphrase,
• And Summary

2
Quotation

• Use the exact words, enclosed within quotation
  marks. Use an ellipsis . . . to indicate
  information which you have omitted use brackets
  to indicate information which you have
  changed or added. (NOTE MLA format requires
  that you use an ellipsis enclosed in brackets for
  omitted information . . .. Cite the original
  source page within the text.

3
Paraphrase

• Using your own word choice AND syntax (sentence
  structure), restate what the original idea
  conveyed. Consult a grammar handbook about the
  steps to take in order to avoid plagiarism. A
  paraphrase is often as long as or even longer
  than the original. Cite the original source,
  page within the text.

4
Summary

• This is similar to a paraphrase in all respects
  except that it is much shorter. Consult a
  grammar handbook about the steps to take to avoid
  plagiarism. Cite the original source page
  within the text.

5
Sample

• The following slides will demonstrate some ways
  to add information from an original source into
  your own work as a direct quotation, as a
  paraphrase, and as a summary.

6
Original Source

• from The Daily News Leader, p. B8, Thursday,
  November 5, 1998
• Sleepless Surgeons Are a Cut Below, Study Finds
• By Susan Okie, The Washington Post
•  
• Surgeons dexterity suffers after a sleepless
  night, according to a British study that used a
  virtual-reality surgical simulator to measure the
  effect of sleep deprivation on doctors operating
  skills.
• Six surgeons-in-training were tested with the
  simulator, which was designed to allow doctors to
  practice the procedure for removing the
  gallbladder using a laparoscope. (A laparoscope
  is a special viewing and operating instrument
  inserted through a small incision.)
• The less sleep the surgeons had, the slower and
  more error prone they were. Those who had stayed
  awake all night made 20 percent more mistakes and
  took 14 percent longer to complete the procedures
  being tested.

7
Using a QUOTATION

• I first decide to incorporate
• in direct quotation format

8
Incorporating a Direct Quotation I

• . . . . .While many professionals argue that
  they can do just fine without getting a full
  nights sleep, most recent studies indicate
  otherwise. For example, journalist Susan Okie,
  staff writer for The Washington Post, reporting
  on the results of a British study, emphasized
  that the less sleep the surgeons had, the
  slower and more error prone they were (B8)
  confirming what many advocates for eliminating
  double shifts for physicians have warned us
  about people functioning on limited sleep
  simply perform less well than they would after
  adequate sleep.

9
Incorporating a Direct Quotation II

• . . . . Recent news reports and sleep studies
  have indicated, sadly and tragically, that the
  lack of sleep has direct effects on the
  activities those weary people try to perform. As
  a recent report indicated, surgeons dexterity
  suffers after a sleepless night. . .causing
  those who had stayed awake all night to make
  20 percent more mistakes and to take 14 percent
  longer to complete their procedure. . . (Okie
  B8). Thus, although we often hear professionals
  in all fields boasting of their abilities to
  pull all nighters or to handle double shifts,
  as if sleeplessness were a badge of honor, its
  clear that tired physicians have the potential to
  cause harm to patients whom they intend to heal.

10
Using a PARAPHRASE

• I decide to incorporate the information as a
  paraphrase.
• SO, the first thing I have to do is to WRITE an
  acceptable paraphrase.

11
Paraphrasing

• Lets choose just one portion
• ORIGINAL the less sleep the surgeons had, the
  slower and more error prone they were

12
Acceptable Paraphrases

• Follow the guidelines in your grammar handbook or
  handouts remember to use YOUR own word choices
  and try to re-arrange the sentence structure so
  that its not like the original.

• One successful technique is to read the original
  material. Then, put it aside, get out some
  paper, and try to write what it said without
  looking back at it.

13
Some Sample Paraphrases

• Medical procedures took more time and were less
  proficient if the doctor had not had enough
  sleep.
• OR Doctors could not work as effectively if they
  attempted surgeries after insufficient sleep.

14
Adding the Paraphrase

• . . .For example, journalist Susan Okie, staff
  writer for The Washington Post, reporting on the
  results of a British study, emphasized that
  doctors could not work as effectively if they
  attempted surgeries after insufficient sleep
  (B8), confirming what many advocates for
  eliminating double shifts for physicians have
  warned us about people functioning on limited
  sleep perform less well than they would after
  adequate sleep.

15
Using a Summary

• As with the paraphrase, the first step is to
  write an acceptable summary. Again, as with the
  paraphrase, you want to write using your own word
  choice and your own sentence structure. The
  chief difference is that a summary will be quite
  short. You may, for example, want to offer a
  short summary of an entire chapter or article.

16
Sample Summaries

• A recent experiment in England indicates that
  overly-fatigued physicians are likely to subject
  patients to ineffective and dangerous medical
  treatment.

• Results of a recent British medical study
  acknowledge that, much of the time, tired doctors
  simply cant provide safe medical treatment to
  patients.

17
Incorporating the Summary

• . . . For example, according to journalist Susan
  Okie, staff writer for The Washington Post, the
  results of a recent British medical study
  acknowledge that, much of the time, tired doctors
  simply cant provide safe medical treatment to
  patients (B8), confirming what many advocates for
  eliminating double shifts . . .

18
Final Words

• Always consult a good grammar handbook for
  assistance with punctuation for direct quotations
  and for suggestions about writing successful
  paraphrases and summaries.