Swine influenza

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Swine influenza
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The Organism

• Causative agent
• Natural distribution
• Transmission
• Clinical Signs
• Diagnosis
• Morbidity and mortality
• Prevention and control

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Causative agent

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Influenza Virus

• Family Orthomyxoviridae
• Three main types
• Type A
• Multiple species
• Type B
• Humans
• Type C
• Humans and swine

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Influenza A

• Multiple species
• Humans
• Avian Influenza
• Most virulent group
• Classification by surface antigensinto subtypes
• Hemagglutinin (H or HA)
• Neuraminidase (N or NA)

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Surface Antigens and Subtypes

• 16 HA and 9 NA for influenza A
• All in aquatic birds
• Hemagglutinin (HA)
• Function Sites for attachment to infect host
  cells
• Neuraminidase (NA)
• Function Remove neuraminic acid from mucin and
  release from cell

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common subtypes of influenza virus in swine

• H1N1
• H1N2
• H3N2

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Influenza A
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Influenza B

• Mostly humans
• Common
• Less severe than A
• Epidemics occur less often than A
• Human seasonal vaccine
• Two strains of type A
• One strain of type B

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Influenza C

• Humans and swine
• Different pattern of surface proteins
• Rare
• Mild to no symptoms
• By age 15, most have antibodies

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Natural distribution

• North and South America
• Asia
• Europe
• Africa

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Subtypes distribution in swine

• H1N1 Identified in the USA in 1918
• H1N1 EU USA pigs, Asian pigs
• H3N2 and H1N2 subtypes are hybrids of swine,
  avian, and human influenza viruses
• H1N2 hybrid 2 distinct human influenza strains

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Human infection with swine influenza

• United States 500 were infected 1 fatality
  occurred
• Europe
• New Zealand

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Transmission

• Aerosolized respiratory secretions
• people moving between infected and uninfected
  pigs
• The introduction of new animals into a herd.
• excreting 1 day /shed the virus7-10 days
• Carriers s can exist for up to 3 months.

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Mutations

• Antigenic drift
• Point mutations accumulated during virus
  replication
• Antigenic shift
• Hybrid virus emerges when cell infected with two
  different influenza viruses
• Human, avian, swine, equine
• Transfer of influenza virus to adifferent species

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Clinical signs

• Fever anorexia
• Eye inflammation
• Discharge from nose, Sneezing , coughing, Labored
  breathing 
• Abortion
• the pigs were likely infected in the same manner
  as humans worldwide, and that the virus is acting
  no differently in the pigs than other swine flu
  viruses.

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Diagnosis

• Virus isolation Lung tissue or nasopharyngeal
  swabs
• Nucleic acid detection
• Immunofluorescence
• immunohistochemistry
• ELISA
• hemagglutination

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Treatment

• Good husbandry and nutrition
• Broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobials
• maintenance of hydration

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Morbidity and mortality

• Morbidity 100
• Mortality in confirmed cases 1 -3
• Secondary infection Hemophilus suis

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Prevention and control

• The swine influenza virus is endemic in herds
• Recovery with limited immunity.
• But
• easily killed by disinfectants ..like
• Quaternary ammonium compounds and 10 bleach
  solutions

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