Swine diseases

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• Swine diseases

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Coccidiosis

• confinement rearing and continuous farrowing
• Isospora suis (most common)
• Eimeria
• carrier sows source of oocyts
• piglets 5 days old to weaning

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Coccidiosis

• Clinical signs
• yellow to clear, pasty to watery diarrhea (7-10
  days)
• Dehydration
• rough hair coat
• failure to gain weight
• no blood
• acidic feces (in contrast
• to E. coli)
• Dehydration
• Morbidity is high
• but mortality is
• variable, often moderate

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Coccidiosis cont...

• Diagnosis
• Diarrheas in pigs lt7days old are not Isospora!
• Necropsy - fibrinonecrotic enteritis
• Histopathology - oocysts, merozoites
• Fecal flotation can be falsely negative
• Treatment
• Adding coccidiostats to feed is ILLEGAL
• amprolium to piglets
• Control - disinfection of farrowing area
• Strong bleach or ammonium compounds
• Between farrowings, steam cleaning
• Installation of perforated metal or plastic
  flooring in the crates will be beneficial in the
  control of coccidiosis

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Coccidiosis
lower jejunum and ileum.
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Rota virus

• Reovirus
• Almost all pigs are infected species specific
• Diarrhea in nursing and postweaned pigs
• Diarrhea appears, usually white to yellow in
  color
• moderate dehydration
• Vomiting occurs but is not a major clinical sign
• Morbidity is variable but mortality usually is
  low or none when good housing and husbandry is
  present.

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Rota virus

• Diagnosis - difficult
• Necropsy-thin walled small
• intestine
• Histopathology
• Flourescent antibody test
• Electron microscopy

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Rota virus cont...

• Treatment
• Dextrose and fluids
• Antimicrobials for concurrent infections
• E. coli
• Isospora
• Control
• Rotaviruses are very stable in the environment
  formaldehyde and chlorine-based disinfectants
  including chlorox
• Wean pigs on good nutritional diet
• MLV vaccine at 7 and 21 days (in water) and also
  for dams

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Dont forget Salmonella

• Salmonella typhimurium
• Salmonella cholerasuis
• Fibrinonecrotic enteritis or colitis at necropsy
• Rectal strictures
• Culture of organism

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Swine dysentery

• Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Gram-negative,
  anaerobic spirochete
• Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli (similar but
  less severe c.s.)
• Grower / finishers (not in lt 3 weeks)
• Mortality can be up to 30
• lagoon water two months, moist feces two
  months, soil 18 days
• Transmission fecal-oral and fomites, rats, birds

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Swine dysentery

• Clinical signs
• diarrhea with gray to yellow, mucoid feces
• watery, bloody, mucoid
• most recover in 2 weeks but 50 may die
• Dehydrated sunken eyes, marked weakness, hollow
  flanks and weight loss
• Large intestine/cecum

SD is a severe disease affecting the colon (large
intestine) of pigs causing diarrhoea, frequently
mixed with mucus and blood, which can lead to
death.
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Swine dysentery
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Swine dysentery cont...

• Diagnosis
• Necropsy - mucohemorrhagic colitis
• histopathology
• Spiral shaped organism on
• dark field microscopy
• Culture is definitive
• Treatment
• carbadox, lincomycin (water) and tiamulin
• Control
• Quarantine 30 60 days
• medicated water, depopulation, close herd
• vaccine only reduces clinical signs

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Proliferative enteropathy

• Lawsonia intracellulare
• Bent, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria
• proliferative illeitis, hemorrhagic bowel
  syndrome
• Large intestine hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes
  with inflammation and sometimes ulceration or
  hemorrhage
• hamsters, ferrets, guinea pigs, foxes, horses,
  lambs, rabbits, rats, dogs, white-tailed deer,
  emus

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Proliferative enteropathy

• Weanlings and older
• Clinical signs
• Acute diarrhea with brownish to black unclotted
  blood
• pallor, weakness, and rapid death are common
• Subacute to chronic cases occur more frequently
  in the grower stages
• sporadic diarrhea, wasting, and variation in
  growth rate
• lesions often include necrotic enteritis and can
  be easily confused with salmonellosis.
• anemia (think gastric ulcer first)
• Morbidity and mortality with either presentation
  is variable

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Proliferative enteropathy cont...

• Diagnosis
• Necropsy - garden hose ilium and colon
• can be hemorrhagic or fibrinonecrotic
• Histopathology - intracellular, silver positive
• DNA probes
• Treatment and control
• No specific treatment
• Reduce stress
• Medicate feed - tylosin, tetracyclines,
  lincomycin, tiamulin, and carbadox
• Live vaccine in water

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Proliferative illeitis
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Whipworms

• Trichuris suis
• pasture
• 2-6 months of age
• Large intestine

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Whipworms

• Clinical signs
• Anorexia
• mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
• dehydration, and possibly death of
• severely affected animals
• anemia (2 DDX?)
• Diagnosis - fecal float, fibrinnecrotic colitis
• Control dichlorvos, levamisole and fenbendazole

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Whipworms
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Agent Common name Products Products Products Products Products Products
Agent Common name Piperazine Pyrantel Avermectins Levamisole Dichlorvos Fenbendazole
Stephanurus dentatus Kidneyworm - - -
Haematopinus suis Lice - - - -
Metastrongylus spp. Lungworm - - -
Sarcoptes scabiei Mange mite - - - - -
Oesophagostomum spp. Nodular worm
Ascaris suum Roundworm
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus Thorny-headed worm - - - - - -
Stronglyloides ransomi Threadworm - - - -
Trichuris suis Whipworm - - -
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Dont forget Salmonella!

• Salmonella typhimurium
• Salmonella cholersuis
• associated with rectal strictures?
• Can be large intestine
• Fibrinonecrotic colitis
• Rectal strictures
• Culture

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Parasites of pigs

• Trichuris suis - colon
• Ascaris suum - small intestine, milk spots
• Stephanurus edentatus - kidney
• Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceous -small intestine

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Neurological diseases

• Hypoglycemia
• Streptococcus suis Gram-positive
• Salt poisoning
• Edema disease

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Hypoglycemia

• Newborn piglets
• Blood glucose lt50mg/dL may develop signs
• Clinical signs
• convulsions
• shivering
• hypothermia
• gait abnormalities

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Hypoglycemia cont...

• Diagnosis
• Blood glucose
• Empty stomach
• Treatment
• 20ml/kg 5 dextrose, warm fluids
• Control
• make sure the milk is flowing

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Salt poisoning

• Usually due to water deprivation rather than too
  much Na
• Causes hyperosmalarity of CNS resulting in
  swelling and edema
• Clinical signs
• thirst, constipation
• depression, blindness, convulsions

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Salt poisoning cont...

• Diagnosis
• History
• Clinical pathology-eosinopenia, hypernatremia
• Histopathology - eosinophilic meningitis
• Treatment
• None
• Control
• provide free access to water
• reduce salt in diet

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Musculoskeletal diseases

• Arthritis
• S. suis, Erysipelothrix, A. pyogenes
• Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
• Myodegenerative disease
• Malignant hyperthermia (PSE)
• White muscle disease

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Suppurative arthritis

• Streptococcus suis gram positive
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae gram positive rod
• Actinomyces pyogenes
• May see loss of cartilage
• Due to fighting, surgical contamination
• Distended joints, abscesses
• Penicillin - treatment often no good

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Suppurative arthritis
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Mycoplasmal arthritis

• Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
• 4-12 weeks of age
• acute or chronic lameness
• non-suppurative arthritis/synovitis
• edema of synovial tissue
• Lincomysin to treat

33
Mycoplasmal arthritis
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Reproductive disease

• Parvovirus
• Leptospirosis gram - spirochete
• PRRS Arterivirus
• Brucellosis gram negative

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Porcine parvovirus

• 100 prevalence endemic
• Important signs
• large numbers of mummified fetuses
• increase in the number of returns to estrus
• small litters
• failures to farrow, decreased farrowing rate,
• rarely abortion
• Transmission secretions, oro-nasal,
  transplacental

Poor conception rates, reabsorbed litters,
mummies and small litters
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Porcine parvovirus

• Transient leukopenia
• Signs depend on time of infection
• lt30days - embryo resorbed
• 30-70days - mummy
• gt70days - dead or weak, survive normally
• no other signs of illness
• SMEDI - stillbirth, mummy, embryonic death,
  infertility
• Diagnosis - detection of virus in mummy by
  immunofluorescence or by rising titer

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Parvo - SMEDI
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Porcine parvovirus cont...

• Control
• Resistant to environmental degradation and many
  disinfectants
• Natural infection of gilts before breeding
• Commingle gilts with sows
• Grind up mummies and feed to gilts
• Vaccination!
• Killed vaccine breeding animals
• may still get some losses

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Leptospirosis

• Leptospirosis
• Leptospira interrogans (serovars pomona,
  icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and bratislava)
• Leptospira borgpetersenii (serovars sejroe and
  tarassovi)
• Leptospira kirschneri (serovar grippotyphosa)
• serovar L. hardjo bovines and has been reported
  to infect pigs in close proximity
• Zoonosis

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Leptospirosis

• CS
• Adult mild fever and inappetence for a few days,
  last trimester abortion, stillbirths, weak
  litters,
• Piglets fever, anorexia, hemolytic anemia,
  hemoglobinuria, icterus, convulsions in
  occasional pigs and a failure to grow and gain
  weight and sudden mortality in piglets

Placentitis
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Leptospirosis

• Diagnosis
• Culture difficult
• Dark field microscopy of fetal fluids, urine
• Serology (lt1800)
• Necropsy interstitial nephritis or generalized
  kidney scarring which may only be noticed at
  slaughter as white-spotted kidneys

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Leptospirosis cont...

• Treatment
• Chlortetracycline in feed/ oxytetracycline,
  tylosin, and erythromycin
• Control
• Vaccination
• Gilts twice before first breeding
• Sows before every breeding
• Rodent control

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PRRS

• Porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome
• Arterivirus
• Premature farrowing
• Small weak piglets or stillborns
• increased numbers of mummies
• Delayed or abnormal estrus
• Serology to diagnose
• Vaccination for prevention

Abortions, mummies and weak pigs
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Brucellosis

• Brucella suis gram negative
• Zoonotic
• Ist agent to be weaponized by US 1950
• Rare in US
• A cooperative, 3-stage, State-Federal-Industry
  eradication program was initiated with a goal of
  eradication of brucellosis.
• Goal is nearly accomplished in domestic herds,
  but feral swine remain a reservoir in the US.

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Brucellosis

• Transmission direct contact
• ingesting aborted fetuses, fetal membranes or
  fluids discharged at the time of abortion
• Clinical signs
• abortion at any time in gestation
• infertility - many sows coming back into heat
  (abortions in first trimester)
• infected sows recover and deliver normally
• Lesions
• mild endometritis
• arthritis
• orchitis

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Brucellosis
Lesions in the uterus of a pig caused by B. suis
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Brucellosis cont...

• Diagnosis
• The buffered, acidified plate antigen (BAPA) test
  and the standard card test (SCT) have been used
  extensively as presumptive test
• confirmation, either the standard tube test (STT)
  or the particle concentration fluorescence
  immunoassay (PCFIA)
• Culture most accurate
• Treatment and control
• Test and slaughter (depopulate 2-3 months)

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Abortions/stillbirths

• Parvo virus
• PRRS
• Pseudorabies
• Lepto

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References

• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis
  _spec/swine/
• http//www.ncsu.edu/project/swine_extension/ncpork
  conf/2002/roberts.htm
• http//www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/zoonoses/Erysipelas
  /erysipelasindex.html
• http//vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpam-employee
  s/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swine-dise
  ases/haemophilus-parasuis-
• http//vetpath.wordpress.com/category/necropsy-cas
  es/

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References

• http//www.fmv.utl.pt/atlas/figado/pages_us/figad0
  15_ing.htm
• http//www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/disease.p
  hp?nameinfluenzalangen
• http//microgen.ouhsc.edu/a_pleuro/a_pleuro_home.h
  tm
• http//www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile
  htm/bc/51205.htmwordleptospirosis2Cin2Cpigs