PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Lithosphere

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYLithosphere

• Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes Volcanoes
• C.J. Cox

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Lithosphere
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Lithosphere

• Structure of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Landform Classification
• Geomorphology
• Rocks
• Soils

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The Structure of the Earth

• Earths Crust
• Earths Mantle
• The Earths Core

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Lithosphere

• Structure of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Landform Classification
• Geomorphology
• Rocks
• Soils

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Plate Tectonic Theory

• Plate - large crustal section of the earths
  surface
• Tectonic - movement of the earth
• Plate Tectonics - a unifying theory
• explains the formation of continents, mountains,
  earthquakes, volcanoes
• crust of the earth shifting 1-3 inches per year

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Plate Tectonics
Theory of Crustal Plate Movement
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Plate Movements

• Plate Subduction - Heavier oceanic plates
  subducting below the lighter continental plates

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Plate Movements

• Plate Collision - two continental plates
  colliding

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Plate Movements

• Plate Divergence - plates separating creating
  a rift or ridge for new lava to emerge at the
  surface

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Landforms Associated with Plate Tectonics

• Mountains

• Ocean Trenches

• Volcanoes

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Landforms Associated with Plate Tectonics

• Volcanoes - found along plate boundaries where
  subduction is occuring

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Volcanic Landforms

• Strato or Composite Volcanoes
• 10 km wide
• angle of slope 5 base with 30 summit
• found along continental margins
• build of flows and pyroclastics interlayered

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Volcanic Landforms

• Cinder Cones
• 1 km wide
• angle of slope 30 - 40 degrees
• found on continents above sea level in oceans
• one episode of explosive activity

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Cinder Cones
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Volcanic Landforms

• Fissure Flows
• 100 km wide
• angle of slope 0 degrees
• found on continents
• successive flows fed by
  multiple fissures
• Columbia Modoc Plateaus

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Fissure Flow
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Volcanic Landforms

• Shield Volcanoes
• 100 km wide
• angle of slope 2 degree base with 10 degree
  summit
• found in Ocean Basins
• made of basalt with flow accumulations with
  minor pyroclastics
• Hawaiian volcanoes

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Volcanic Landforms

• Miscellaneous
• volcanic necks
• plug domes
• calderas

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Volcanic Neck
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Plug Dome
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Caldera with a cinder cone in center
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Volcanic Landforms

• Composite Volcanoes
• Cinder Cones
• Fissure Flows
• Shield Volcanoes
• Miscellaneous Landforms
• volcanic necks
• plug domes
• calderas

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Earthquakes
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Earthquakes

• Earthquakes are caused by the movement of one
  continental plate against another
• the boundaries betweent he plates are areas of
  weaknesses called faults
• As the plates move around they will do one of
  three things
• collide
• diverge
• slide latterally

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Lithosphere

• Structure of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Landform Classification
• Geomorphology
• Rocks
• Soils

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Four Types of Landforms

• Plains
• no slope
• no relief

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Four Types of Landforms

• Hills
• gentle slope
• gentle relief

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Four Types of Landforms

• Mountains
• great slope
• great relief

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Four Types of Landforms
Plains with Relief plains with no slope or
relief valley escarpments with great slope and
relief
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Landform Classification
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Geomorphology

• The study of landforms
• built up - tectonic forces
• leveling process- gradational processes
• weathering
• mass wasting
• erosion
• deposition

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Mass Wasting
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Lithosphere

• Structure of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Landform Classification
• Geomorphology
• Rocks
• Soils

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Rocks aggregates of minerals
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Major Rock Types

• Igneous Rocks - (fire or once molten rocks)
• extrusive igneous - cooled above the ground
• volcanic rock

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Major Rock Types

• Igneous Rocks - (fire or once molten rocks)
• intrusive igneous - cooled below the ground
• granite

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Major Rock Types

• Sedimentary Rocks

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Major Rock Types

• Metamorphic Rocks

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Major Rock Types

• Igneous Rocks - (fire or once molten rocks)
• extrusive igneous - cooled above the ground
• volcanic rock
• intrusive igneous - cooled below the ground
• granite
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks

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The Rock Cycle
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Lithosphere

• Structure of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Landform Classification
• Geomorphology
• Rocks
• Soils

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Composition of Soil

• Dirt?
• Broken Down Rock
• Organic Matter
• Water
• Gases

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Lithosphere

• Structure of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Landform Classification
• Geomorphology
• Rocks
• Soils

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYLithosphere

• Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes Volcanoes
• C.J. Cox