Title: World Geography Chapter 2 Notes
1World Geography Chapter 2 Notes
2Section 1
3 The Solar System
- Earth is part of a solar system
- Sun is at center of solar system
- 1. Sun is a star
- 9 planets in the solar system
- 1. Earth is the 5th largest
- 2. Jupiter is the largest
4Earths measurements
- 93 million miles from Sun
- 3rd planet from Sun
5Water, Land , and Air
- 70 water
- 1. Hydrosphere oceans, lakes, rivers
- Land
- 1. Lithosphere Continents and ocean
basins (land beneath oceans) - Air
- 1. Atmosphere extends approximately 1,000
feet above Earths surface - Biosphere part of Earth where life is found
6Earths heights and depths
- Mt. Everest highest point ( 29,028 ft.)
- Mariana Trench lowest point (35,000 ft)
- Average height above sea level 2,800 ft.
7Inside the Earth (composed of four layers)
- Inner core center of the Earth (4,000 miles.
below the surface) - Outer core made of iron and nickel (begins
about 1800 miles below the surface) - Mantle a thick layer of dense hot rock
- Crust a thin layer next to the surface (3 to
30 miles deep) - 1. continents and ocean basins
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11Earths changing structure
- Constantly changing due to internal and external
forces
12Internal Forces
- Forces cause plates to move
- Plate spread apart forms a ridge
- Plates bump together forms a trench
- Internal forces build and break down mountains
- Folds bends in layers of rock
- Plates squeeze Earths surface until it buckles
- Faults breaks in the Earths surface
- occurs when surface cant be bent any further
13Internal Forces Continued
- Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Can cause as much damage under the ocean as ones
on land - tsunami giant tidal waves
- Often occur where plates meet
- Many occur along the edge of plates under the
Pacific ocean - 1. Called the Ring of Fire
- Continental Drift theory geologist believe that
all the continents used to be joined together
(Pangea)
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18External Forces
- Weathering process that breaks down rocks
- 1.Chemical water dissolves some of
the chemicals in rocks. Causes them break apart - 2. Physical water seeps into the
rocks freezes expands and causes the rocks to
break apart
19External Forces Continued
- Erosion wearing away of the Earths surface
- 1. Wind movement of dust, sand, and
soil from one place to another - 2. Water runoff digs into ground and
rocks forms valleys and gullies - Glaciers destroy forest and land as they move
across land
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21Section 2
22Landforms
- Natural features of the Earths surface
- Classified by type to help people locate them
23Continents
- 7 large landmasses
- 1. Asia largest
- 2. Australia smallest
- Some people consider Europe and Asia to be one
continent (Eurasia) - 1. divided by the Ural Mountains
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25Major landforms
- Mountains highest landform, steep slopes with a
peak or summit - Hills - lower than mountains, more rounded
- Plateaus higher than surrounding land, usually
has one steep side (table top) - Plains flat or gently rolling lands
- 1. Coastal plains have lower
elevations - 2. Interior plains have higher
elevations - Peninsula piece of land surrounded by water on
3 sides (Florida) - Archipelago a group or chain of islands
(Hawaii) - Continental Shelf underwater extension of a
continent
26Mountainshighest landform, steep slopes with a
peak or summit
27Hillslower than mountains, more rounded
28Plateaushigher than surrounding land, usually
has one steep side (table top)
29PlainsFlat or gently rolling lands
1. Coastal plains have lower elevations
2. Interior plains have higher elevations
30Peninsula Piece of land surrounded by water on 3
sides (Florida)
31Archipelago A group or chain of islands (Hawaii)
32Valley
33 Water Saltwater
- Most of the Earths water is salty.
- Oceans
- 1. Pacific
- 2. Atlantic
- 3. Indian
- 4. Arctic
- Seas bodies of salt water smaller than oceans
34Water Continued Freshwater
- Lake body of water surrounded by land
- Stream body of water flowing through land
- 1. Combine to form rivers
- 2. Rivers combine to form major waterways
- Groundwater freshwater that lies beneath the
surface - 1. main source comes from rain and melted
snow - 3 of worlds water is fresh
- 2 trapped in glaciers
- .5 is groundwater
- .5 rivers and lakes
35Glaciers
36Water Continued
- Water cycle regular movement of water from
ocean to air to ground back to ocean - 1. Begins with evaporation changing of
liquid water to gas
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38Section 3
39Natural resources
- Elements from the Earth not made by people but
used by people - 1. oil, water, soil
- Minerals things from the earth that are not
living or made from living things - Fossil Fuels formed from the remains of plants
and animals - 1. coal, oil, gas
40Value of resources
- Use, supply, and changes over time determine how
valuable certain natural resources are - 1. Gold
- 2. Rubber trees
- 3. Uranium
41Managing resources
- Renewable resources can replace themselves
- 1. plants and animals
- Nonrenewable cant be replaced
- 1. iron and fossil fuels
- Recycle to reuse but cant replace
- Protecting
- 1. crop rotation
- 2. conservation
42Distribution of resources
- Not distributed evenly
- Influences how countries relate to each other
- Scarcity has lead to trade
- 1. Japan imports raw material sells
finished products - Imports what a country brings in
- Exports what a country sends out