CHAPTER 1 GEOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER 1 GEOGRAPHY

• THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY

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THE STUDY OF WHERE PEOPLE, PLACES, AND THINGS
ARE LOCATED AND HOW THEY RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER.
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A. GEOGRAPHIC TOOLSTHE USE OF TECHNOLOGY

• 1) SONAR-USED TO STUDY THE OCEAN FLOOR
• 2) SATELLITESSTUDY THE EARTHS SURFACE AND
  IDENTIFY CHANGES IN LAND USE, URBAN GROWTH, AND
  TOPOGRAPHY.
• 3) GPSUSE OF SATELLITES TO PROVIDE LOCATION
• 4) GISCOMPUTER DATA TO SHOW THE INTERACTIONS OF
  THE COMMUNITY.

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B. GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS

• TERMS OR IDEAS THAT HELP US UNDERSTAND AND
  IDENTIFY GEOGRAPHIC PROCESSES.
• 1)PHYSICAL PROCESSVOLCANOES, EARTHQUAKES
• 2) ECONOMIC SYSTEMSHOW SOCIETY MEETS THE PEOPLES
  NEEDS
• 3) CULTURES--BEHAVIOR AND BELIEFS THAT IDENTIFY A
  SPECIFIC TYPE OF PEOPLE.

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THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY CENTERS AROUND 5 THEMES

• 1. LOCATION-WHERE IS A PLACE?
• a) Absolute Location
• 1)hemisphere
• 2)latitude and longitude
• b) Relative location
• 1) Location in relation to other
  places nearby.
• 2) Example--Wapello located north
  of Burlington

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2) PLACE-CHARACTER OF A PLACE

• a) Physical Characteristicslandforms
• b) Human Characteristicshow people live

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3) REGIONS--A GROUP OF PLACES WITH AT LEAST ONE
COMMON CHARACTERISTIC

• FORMAL REGIONS--DEFINED BY POLITICAL DIVISIONS OR
  BY SPECIFIC ECONOMIS
• FUNCTIONAL REGIONS--AN AREA THAT HAS A CENTRAL
  REGION AND THE AREA AROUND THAT CENTER.
• MISSISSIPPI RIVER REGION
• PERCEPTUAL REGION--BASED ON PEOPLES FEELINGS OR
  ATTITUDES
• HOW PEOPLE SEE THE LAND THEY LIVE IN.

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4) MOVEMENT

• THE CHANGING MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE INTO AND OUT OF
  AN AREA. (MIGRATION)
• EXAMPLE
• POPULATION OF RUSSIA DECLINES BY 900,000 EACH
  YEAR
• POPULATION OF U.S. INCREASES EACH YEAR

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5) HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT ACTION

• HOW DO PEOPLE LIVE IN AND ADAPT TO THEIR
  ENVIRONMENT.
• IT ALSO EXPLAINS HOW THE WAY PEOPLE LIVES MAY
  CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT.
• (GROWTH OF CITIES HAS DESTROYED SOME FORESTS AND
  GRASSLANDS)

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SECTION 2. CHANGES WITHIN THE EARTH

• PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS-
• THE EARTHS LAYERS. (PP. 45)
• CORE--THE CENTER OF THE EARTH THAT IS VERY HOT
  METAL. MOSTLY IRON NICKEL
• MANTLE--THE THICK LAYER OF ROCK THAT SURROUNDS
  THE CORE. ABOUT 1800 MILES THICK.
• CRUST--THE THIN UNEVEN LAYER ABOUT 22 MILES THICK
  WHICH DETERMINES THE LANDFORMS ON THE SURFACE.

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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS--LAND, AIR, AND WATER

• LITHOSPHERE-SOIL, ROCKS, LANDFORMS, AND OTHER
  SURFACE- AREAS
• ATMOSPHERE--THE LAYER OF AIR, WATER, AND OTHER
  ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE LAND.
• HYDROSPHERE--WATER IN OCEANS, LAKES, RIVERS, AND
  UNDERGROUND.
• BIOSPHERE--WORLD OF PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND OTHER
  LIVING THINGS.

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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• APPROXIMATELY 70 OF EARTH IS COVERED BY WATER,
  INCLUDING THE 5 OCEANS.
• ATLANTIC, PACIFIC, INDIAN, SOUTHERN, ARCTIC
• LARGE LAND AREAS ARE CALLED CONTINENTS. THERE
  ARE 7 OF THESE.
• NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA,
  AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, ANTARCTICA

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CLASSIFYING LANDFORMS

• LANDFORMS ARE CLASSIFIED BY RELIEF--THE
  DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. (PG. 46)
• 4 MAJOR TYPES OF LANDFORMS
• MOUNTAINS--HIGH ELEVATION OF AT LEAST 2000 FEET.
• HILLS-LOWER AND ROUNDED, NOT AS STEEP.
• PLATEAU-A RAISED AREA WITH A FLAT SURFACE
• PLAIN--A FLAT SURFACE WITH LITTLE OR NO ELEVATION