Kein Folientitel

1
Global climate change, Biodiversity and
sustainable development

CLIMATE CHANGE BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Truong Quang Hoc Vo Thanh Son
Truong Quang Hoc¹i National University Hanoi
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

• 1. Climate Change, Biodiversity Overview at
  global level
• 2. Current status of Climate Change, Biodiversity
  in Vietnam
• - Climate Change,
• - Biodiversity
• - Interactive relationship among Climate
  Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable development
• 3. Recommendations

3
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AT GLOBAL/NATIONAL SCALES

ECONOMY SOCIETY
4
Strategies of some international conservation
organizations towards Sustainable Development
IUCN 2006 -20010
Theory
PRESENT
To BE Achieved
Diagram of Sustainable Development at lowest
level
5
Human impacts - Energy - Industry -
Transport - Agriculture - Forestry - Daily
activities
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Methane CH4
Nitrous Oxide NO2
Every day 60 million tones of CO2 are emitted to
the atmosphere
2000
1000
Source IPCC 2001
6
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH HAS BEEN
INCREASING FOR THE PAST 200 YEARS
Temperature rose 0.6 0C compared with in the year
of 1860
Source IPCC 2001
7
CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH
From the year of 1000 until 2100
Source IPCC 2001
8
Biodiversity and Conservation
What do we think when compare these two figures
9
CHANGED TREND IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
Source IPCC 2001
10
Sea level rise - 70-100 cm/100 year - Rise
of 1 m by 2100
11
TEN MILLIONS OF PEOPLE MUST MOVE AWAY WHEN Sea
level rise IS HIGH
Whats about sea level rise?
Source IPCC 2001
Source R. Nicholls, Middlesex University in the
U.K. Meteorological Office. 1997. Climate Change
and Its Impacts A Global Perspective.
12
INCREASE OF NATURAL CALAMITY
DECREASE IN WATER RESOURCES
1. Higher temperature, higher demand for water
2. Higher evaporation of surface water
3. Salt water intrusion
13
CONSEQUENSES OF Climate Change

• Climate change has been changing global
  environment and affecting every sector and field
• It is forecasted that Vietnam is among countries
  worst hit by Climate Change.

14
Biodiversity

• Biodiversity, valuable natural resource, does
  exist only on our Earth, playing a huge role in
  nature and human beings life.
• However, due to many causes, biodiversity is
  being degraded seriously.
• Ecosystems are disturbed and overexploited
  forest areas, especially natural forest are
  shrunken at an alarming rate.
• The number of species going to extinct is
  increasing.

15
CONSEQUENSES OF Biodiversity loss

• Inevitable consequences are decrease or loss of
  ecological functions of the ecosystems such as
• - water regulation, prevention of soil erosion,
• - disintegration of wastes, cleaning
  environment, - ensuring natural circulation of
  materials and energy,
• - mitigation of natural calamities or extreme
  consequences of climate.
• And final consequence is recession of the economy
  due to loss of natural and environmental
  resources, especially in underdeveloped and
  developing countries like Vietnam.

16
CURRENT STATUS IN VIETNAM

• Climate Change
• Biodiversity
• Interactive relationship between Climate Change
  and Biodiversity

17
PROJECTED INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
Location Year Low Average High
Southern region 2010 0.1 0.3 0.5
2070 0.4 1.5 3.0
Northern region 2010 0.3 0.5 0.7
2070 1.2 2.5 4.5
Source Climate change in Asia (ADB, 1994)
18
Table 2. Projected sea level rises (cm)
Year Low Average High
2010 3 9 15
2070 15 45 90
19
Biodiversity

• Rich in biodiversity
• Ranked 16th among biodiversity-rich countries
  (6.7 VN/TG)

Mang Trêng Sn Canimuntiacus truongsonensis
Sao La Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Mang Lín Megamuntiacus vuquangensis
Sõng Bß Sõng Xo¾n Pseudonovibos spiralis
20
Decrease in forest coverage
21

• Impacts of
• Biodiversity on Climate Change

22
Table 4. basic scenarios on Green House Gases
(GHGs) until 2020 (tones of CO2)
Sector 1994 2010 2020
Energy 25.64 105.17 196.98
Forestry and land use 19.38 - 21.70 - 28.40
Agriculture 52.45 57.20 64.70
Total 97.47 140.67 233.28
23
SHARES OF GHG EMISSION BY DIFFERENT SECTORS
24
Table 5. GHGs emission from forest ecosystem and
agricultural activities
Ecosystem Activities Types of GHGs Total emission CO2 (million tones of) (1994)
Agricultural ecosystem Rice cultivation CH4 32.75
Agricultural ecosystem Animal husbandry
Agricultural ecosystem Food CH4 , N2O 7.07
Agricultural ecosystem Waste CH4 2,71
Agricultural ecosystem Agricultural land N2O 8,06
Agricultural ecosystem Slash and burn cultivation CH4 , N2O , CO2 1,86
Forest ecosystem Increased biomass (increased areas of plantation and regeneration forest) CO2 -50,32
Forest ecosystem Conversion of land use purposes CO2 56,72
Forest ecosystem Forest fire CO2 ?
Forest ecosystem Forest land N2O, CH4 ,CO2 12,98
25
impacts OF Climate Change ON Biodiversity

• Impacts of Climate change include
• - sea level rise,
• - increase in average temperature,
• - Changes in biological and climate cycles
• - Changes in water resources decrease in
  quantity and quality
• - natural calamity (storms, floods, flash
  floods, drought, land slides) increases in terms
  of intensity and frequency, resulting in
  complicated impacts on various aspects of social
  life and biodiversity in particular.

26
Table 6. Types of impacts of Climate change on
different economic regions
No. Region Types of impacts
1 Núi phía b?c Cold front, mist, floods, droughts, storms
2 Red River delta and midland region floods, storms, drought, waterlogging, sea level rise, sea bank erosion
3 Northern Central coastal line storms, floods, drought, sea level rise, sea bank erosion
4 Southern Central coastal line storms, sea level rise, floods, drought
5 Central Highland drought, floods, flash flood
6 South Eastern region drought, floods, storms, water quality, sea level rise
7 Mekong River delta floods, sea level rise, drought, water quality
27
Sea level rise

• As for our country, rising sea level will
• - inundate a large area of lowland/wetland
  ecosystems of the largest delta regions of the
  country
• - where are homeland of long-established
  communities of the wet rice cultivation
  civilization
• - areas with greatest potentials for
  agricultural production
• - natural habitats of many native species
  including protected areas, bioreserves.

28
impacts OF Climate Change ON Biodiversity
29
IMPACTS ON ECOSYSTEMS
ECOSYSTEM
30
Table 7. impacts of Climate change on Biodiversity
Ecosystem/habitats impacts on ecosystem impacts on species
Marine and coastal ecosystem Marine and coastal ecosystem Marine and coastal ecosystem
Shallow marine and coastal ecosystem Changes in ecological conditions, Changes in distribution and structure of habitats Structure , composition of species and volume of sea products/ fishes to change or decrease Food creatures of upper and middle water layers decrease Tropical fish species increase while (high valuable fish) temperate fish species decrease, passive migration
Mangrove ecosystem Loss of or shrinking area -Loss of habitats of species, Loss of species.
Coastal ecosystem Shrinking residential area, loss of residential land or cultivable land - Loss of habitats of species, Loss of species.
31
Ecosystem/habitats Impacts on ecosystem Impacts on species
Forest ecosystem Boundaries of forest/vegetative cover types change Biomass increament index decreases Increasingly prone to forest fire, - Changes in insect diseases, difficult to prevent Structure and composition of species change Increased threat of extinction
32
Ecosystem/habitats Impacts on ecosystem Impacts on species
Agricultural ecosystem Increase in salinity areas tang (in coastal areas), - Structures of habitats and crops change - Fresh water species decrease Tropical crops and plant spices expand (move upwards and invade in the North), - Temperate plant species shrink
33
Ecosystem/habitats Impacts on ecosystem Impacts on species
Habitats for transmitted diseases change and expand Changes in seasons of diseases - New diseases occur - Ratio of patients increases - Mortality increases Disease-transmitting animals and new disease-transmitting vectors
34
impacts ON HEALTH
Consequences ? reduced meaning of life, ?
increased costs for insurance and health care, ?
reduced number of working days
35
Ecosystem/habitats Impacts on ECOSYSTEM Impacts on species
Applicable to all Applicable to all Applicable to all
- Impacts of natural calamity - Destruction of habitats due to natural calamities, - Polluted environment Loss of species Structure and composition of species are changed
- Impacts of lack of water Functions of ecosystem are damaged, - Droughts. - Flora and fauna species are affected at different scales, or even dead due to lack of water
36
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY ON
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
37
Mean Species Abundance (MSA)
GENERAL QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT ON BIODIVERSITY
and impacts OF FACTORS

• Species Richness Index,
• Biodiversity Integrity Index
• Living Planet Index and
• Biodiversity Intactness Index
• Mean Species Abundance - MSA is more suitable for
  assessment of implementation of CBD

38
Key influencing factors on Biodiversity

• i) Changes in land use purposes,
• ii) Climate Change,
• iii) Concentration of nitrogen from atmosphere,
• iv) Forestry activities,
• v) Infrastructure development and
• vi) Fragmentation of Ecosystem, following the
  sequence
• MSA MSALUCMSACCMSANMSAIMSF

39
GLOBIO 3 Model

• GLOBIO 3 assessment model (Netherlands
  Environmental Assessment Agency, 2006) to
  evaluate implementation of Convention on
  Biodiversity at global and regional levels

40
Conclusions

• Climate change and Biodiversity loss are
  environmental problems that have long-term, great
  impact on development of each country. Therefore,
  it is recommended to study and propose mitigation
  and adaptation measures. Climate change, and
  conservation and development of biodiversity
  should be thoroughly understood at all levels and
  sectors.

41
Conclusions

• Vietnam has signed and committed to implement
  many International Conventions on Climate change
  and Biodiversity. It has been implementing these
  Conventions and achieved some certain results
  such as issuance and implementation of
  strategies, institutionalization, policies, etc.
  However, more attention is still required.
  Climate Change should also be incorporated into
  national strategies at macro level rather than
  only into natural resources and environmental
  sector.

42
Conclusions

• As for integration of biodiversity into
  national and local biodiversity plans,
• - Special attentions should be paid to
  adaptation measures, which are suitable with
  respective scenarios of Climate change, first of
  all to protect and sustain gene sources in
  agro-forestry ecosystem,
• - Sustainable management and development
  watershed forest,
• - Suitable options to transform cropping
  structure patterns with suitable crop varieties
  and species (e.g. drought or heat-resistant),
• - Re-planning for protected areas in lowland or
  wetland, etc.
• - Afforestation and regeneration should be
  intensified to achieve multi-sided effectiveness,
  including reduction of GHG emission, natural
  calamities, protection and conservation of water
  and land resources.

43
Conclusions

• Environmental protection and sustainable
  development, especially with regard to Climate
  change and biodiversity conservation, integrated,
  inter-discipline, and community-based approaches
  should be understood thoroughly at all stages,
  e.g. making policies, preparing and implementing
  plans and both in terms of contents and
  structure. Solutions must be comprehensive and
  synchronic, from institutional structure,
  policies on planning, technologies, of which
  capacity building, awareness raising, and
  international cooperation should be considered
  and prioritized adequately.

44
Thank you !