THE GROWTH OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

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THE GROWTH OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
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WILHELM WUNDT AND EDWARD BRADFORD
TITCHENERSTRUCTURALISM

• WILHELM WUNDT
• PHYSIOLOGIST AND PHILOSOPHER AT UNVERSITY OF
  LEIPZIG IN GERMANY (ESTABLISHED A LAB IN 1879)
• BIRTHPLACE OF PSYCHOLOGY
• INVESTIGATED CONSCIOUSNES
• 1874, WUNDT WROTE THE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL
  PSYCHOLOGY

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WUNDT AND TITCHENER

• WUNDT STATED THAT---MIND MUST BE STUDIED
  OBJECTIVELY AND SCIENTIFICALLY.
• THE BOOK AND FIRST PSYCHOLOGY CLASS DID NOT
  ATTRACT MUCH ATTENTION. ONLY 4 STUDENTS ATTENDED
  THE FIRST LECTURE
• BY MID 1880S, MORE INVOLVEMENT WAS HAPPENING.
• WUNDT WAS TRYING TO UNCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF
  THE HUMAN MIND

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WUNDT AND TITCHENER

• WUNDT WANTED TO FIND THE BASICS OF MEANINGFUL
  THOUGHTPROCESS OF CREATING MEANINGFUL PATTERNS
  OUT OF SENSORY STIMULI.
• BANANA EXAMPLE
• WUNDT WANTED TO STRIP PERCEPTION OF ITS
  ASSOCIATIONS TO FIND THE VERY ATOMS OF THOUGHT
  (NO ASSOCIATIONS AT ALL)
• USED OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION, OBSERVING, AND
  RECORDING OF PERCEPTIONS AND FEELINGS
• EXAMPLEMETRONOME OBSERVATIONS

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WUNDT AND TITCHENER

• THESE RESEARCH PRACTICES INTRODUCED MEASUREMENT
  AND EXPERIMENT INTO PSYCHOLOGY
• THIS LED PSYCHOLOGY TO BECOME A SCIENCE

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TITCHENER

• EDWARD BRADFORD THCHENER (BRITISH) BECAME A
  LEADER OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY.
• TAUGHT AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY UNTIL HE DIED IN
  1927
• TICHENERPSYCHOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE OF
  CONSCIOUSNESS---PHYSICS WITH TH OBSERVER KEPT
  IN.
• EXAMPLE---SPEED LIMIT SIGNS (MEASURE)
• THICHENER BROKE EXPERIENCE INTO 3 BASIC ELEMENTS

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TITCHENER

• 1. PHYSICAL SENSATIONS (SIGHT AND SOUNDS)
• 2. AFFECTIONS OR FEELINGS (LIKE SENSATIONS BUT
  LESS CLEAR)
• 3. IMAGES (MEMORIES OF OTHER THINGS SUCH AS
  BANANAS) (ALMOST ASSOCIATIONS)
• COMBINE THESE THREE.
• TICHENER SAID,EVEN THE MOST COMPLEX THOUGHTS AND
  FEELINGS CAN BE REDUCED TO THESE SIMPLE
  ELEMENTS.
• WUNDT AND TITCHENERCONCLUSION
• BASIC UNITS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE COMBINATIONS IN
  WHICH THEY OCCUR IS
• STUCTURALISM

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WILLIAM JAMESFUNCTIONALISM
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WILLIAM JAMES

• FIRST AMERICAN BORN PSYCHOLOGIST
• STUDIEDCHEMISTRY, PSHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY, BIOLOGY,
  AND MEDICINE.
• 1872TAUGHT PHILOSPHY, AT HARVARDLINKED
  PHILOSPHYAND PSYCHOLOGY TOGETHER. VERY
  CONTROVERSIAL.
• 1875BEGAN CLASS IN PSYCHOLOGY AT HARVARD.
• FIRST LECTURE NO ONE SHOWED UP SO JAMES LECTURED
  TO HIMSELF.
• 1890PUBLISHED THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY.
  (ALIENISTS)
• WILLIAMS BROTHER WAS HENRY JAMES (AMERICAN
  AUTHOR)

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JAMES

• HENRY JAMES SUFFERED DEPRESSION. WILLIAM AND
  HENRYS FATHER WAS AFRAID THAT WILLIAM WOULD
  SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION TOO. HE SENT WILLIAM TO
  EUROPE AFTER HIGH SCHOOL TO SEE THE WORLD. THIS
  OPENED THE DOOR FOR WILLIAMS STUDY OF PSYCHOLGY
  WHEN HER RETURNED TO COLLEGE IN THE USA.
• AFTER HEARING THE LIKES OF WUNDT, JAMES CAME UP
  WITH THIS CONCLUSION
• CONSCIOUSNESS SHOULD BE STUDIED AS A WHOLE, NOT
  IN PARTS.

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JAMES

• JAMES CONCLUDED
• ATOMS OF EXPERIENCE--PURE SENSATIONS WITHOUT
  ASSOCIATIONS--SIMPLY DO NOT EXIST.
• OUR MINDS ARE CONSTATNLY WEAVING ASSOCIATIONS,
  REVISING EXPERIENCES, STARTING, STOPPING, AND
  JUMPING BACK AND FORTH IN TIME.
• CONSCIOUSNESS IS CONTINUOUS.
• PERCEPTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS, SENSATIONSN AND
  EMOTIONS CANNOT BE SEPARATED (EX. BANANA)

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JAMES

• JAMES STUDIED HABIT
• EXAMPLE--DOOR
• JAMES BELIEVED THAT ALL ACTIVITY, FROM BEATING
  OF A HEART TO PERCEPTION OF OBJECTS, WASA
  FUNCTIONAL
• MENTAL ASSOCIATIONS ALLOW BENEFITS FROM PREVIOUS
  EXPERIENCES.
• CONCLUSION
• JAMES THEORY IS CONCERNED NOT JUST WITH
  LEARNING, SENSATION, AND PERCEPTION, BUT ALSO
  WITH HOW AN ORGANISM USES ITS LEARNING OR
  PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES TO FUNCTION IN ITS
  ENVIRONMENT.

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JAMES

• THIS IS
• FUNCTIONALISM

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BEHAVIORISM

• PAVLOV
• WATSON
• SKINNER

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BEHAVIORISM

• PAVLOV
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• UCONDITIONED STIMULUS
• UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
• CONDITIONED STIMULUS
• CONDITIONED RESPONSE

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BEHAVIORISM

• JOHN WATSON
• FIRST STUDENT TO RECEIVE A DOCTORATE IN
  PSYCHOLOGY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.
• THE DEPARTMENT REQUIRED SPECULATION ON
  CONSCIOUSNESS THAT PRODUCED THE OBSERVED
  BEHAVIOR. (IN RATS)
• WATSON SAID THIS WAS ABSURD. HE DOUBTED ANY RATS
  HAD A CONSCIOUSNESS. WATSON FOLLOWED THE
  RULES, AND TEN YEARS LATER, HE CONFRONTED THE
  STRUCTURALISTS AND FUNCTIONALISTS.
• WATSON WROTE, PSYCHOLOGY AS THE BEHAVIORIST VIEWS
  IT (1913) ARGUED THAT CONSCIOUSNESS OF MENTAL
  LIFE, WAS SUPERSTITION, A RELIC FROM THE MIDDLE
  AGES.
• YOU CANNOT DEFINE CONSCIOUSNESS ANY MORE THAN
  CAN DEFINE A SOUL.
• WATSON ARGUED
• CANT LOCATE IT
• CANT MEASURE IT
• THEREFORE CANT BE OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY.
• WATSON---PSYCHOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF OBSERVABLE,
  MEASURABLE BEHAVIOR.
• ALL BEHVIOR IS A RESPONSE TO STIMULUS OR AGENT IN
  THE ENVIRONMENT

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BEHAVIORISM

• MARY COVER JONES
• DESENITIZATION
• B. F. SKINNER
• LEADER IN UNITED STATES BEHAVIORISM MOVEMENT
• ADDED ONE MORE SEGMENT TO CONDITIONING
• OPERANT OR (INSTRUMETNAL) CONDITIONING
• ADD---REINFORCEMENT
• POSITIVE
• NEGATIVE
• PUNISHNENT

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PSYCHOLANALYSIS

• SIGMUND FREUD
• PERSONALITY THEORISTS
• BELIEVED THAT MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIOR IS GOVERNED BY
  HIDDEN MOTIVES---UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES
• WE MUST SUCCESSFULLY RESOLVE THE CONFLICTS THAT
  WE MEET AT EACH EARLY STAGE OF LIFE TO AVOID
  PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS LATER ON.
• LEAD TO FIXATIONS IN ADULT LIFE.

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HUMANISTIC

• PEOPLE MUST LEARN HOW TO REALIZE THEIR POTENTIAL
• FOCUSES ON THE POSSIBILITY OF NONVERBAL
  EXPERIENCE, UNITY OF MIND, ALTERED STATES OF
  CONSCIOUSNESS, AND LETTING GO.
• ALFRED ADLER
• CARL ROGERS
• ABRAHAM MASLOW

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GESTALT

• MAX WERHEIMER, WOLFGANG KOHLER. KURT KOFFKA.
• INTERESTED IN PERCEPTION, ESPECIALLY IN MIND
  TRICKS.
• GESTALT---WHOLEFORM
• PERCEPTION
• REFERS TO TENDENCY TO SEE PATTERNS
• DISTINGUISH AN OBJECT FROM ITS BACKGROUND
• COMPLETE A PICTURE FROM A FEW CLUE

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GESTALT

• WHEN WE LOOK AT A TREE, WE SEE JUST THAT, A
  TREE. NOT A SERIES OF BRANCHES.
• EXAMPLE
• d_g