History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC

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History of Psychology Aristotle, before 30 BC

• Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized
  about learning, memory, motivation, emotion,
  perception, and personality.

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René Descartes 1596-1650

• Originated the concept of Dualism,
  viewed mind and body as
  interactive machines.
• Stated that the mind could follow body and vice
  versa.
• Proposed the idea of both voluntary and
  involuntary behavior.
• Ruled out areas other than the brain
  for mental functioning.

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John Locke 1632-1704

• Knowledge should be acquired by careful
  observation.
• No innate ideas all knowledge comes from
  experience or reflection.
• Mind is a blank slate written on by experience
  (tabula rasa).

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Dorothea Dix 1802 -1887

• She was shocked and horrified by the treatment of
  the mentally ill
• Became a social reformer
• Spent 40 years lobbying U.S. and Canadian
  legislators to establish state hospitals for the
  mentally ill
• Her efforts directly affected the building of 32
  institutions in the United States.

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Charles Darwin 1850s

• Studied the evolution of finches
  and expands his study to include humans.
• Opposed religious teachings of the time by
  suggesting that man was a common ancestor to
  lower species.

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Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt Father of
Psychology

• 1879 Leipzig, Germany.
• Intended to make psychology a reputable
  science.
• Many American psychologists eventually went on
  to study in Leipzeig in the 1st Psych Lab

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Wilhelm Wundt Father
of Psychology

• Most of his experiments on
  sensation and perception.
• Did not think that high order mental processes
  could be studied experimentally.
• Trained in medicine and philosophy.
• Wrote many books about psychology, philosophy,
  ethics, and logic.

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  Amzanig, huh?

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Wilhelm Wundt

• Wundts work led to the 1st school of thought in
  Psychology called STRUCTURALISM
• Structuralism - focused on breaking down mental
  processes into the most basic components.
• Researchers tried to understand the basic
  elements of consciousness using a method known as
  introspection.

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Introspection

• Looking inward at ones own mental processes.

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E.B. Titchener

• Wundts student.
• Taught at Cornell University.
• Structuralism He furthered Wundts work and
  understanding of human thought process.
• Titchener coined term Structuralism

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Margaret Floy Washburn

• Student of Edward B. Titchener at the Sage School
  of Philosophy at Cornell University
• There she was the first graduate student
  recommended by Titchener to the Ph.D. program,
  and became the first woman to obtain her Ph.D. in
  Psychology in 1894.  

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Margaret Floy Washburn

• Moved away from Titchener's structural psychology
• Openly critical of its reduction of the mind into
  parts, and wrote a second book entitled Movement
  and Mental Imagery (1917)
• 1903, she was ranked among the top 50
  psychologists in America (when women were
  excluded from many academic programs)

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William James 1842-1910

• Claimed that searching for building
  blocks was a waste of time because
  brain and mind are constantly changing focused
  on function.
• Functionalism the study of how a mental process
  operates
• Expanded psychology to animal behavior.
• Author of 1st widely used Psych textbook
  Principles of Psychology

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Structuralism to Functionalism(Wundt Tichener
to James and more)

• A shift in early schools of though occurred in
  Psychology
• the difference between stopping a train to tear
  it apart to study its parts (structuralism), and
  looking at how the systems interact while it is
  running (functionalism).

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Mary Whiton Calkins1863-1930

• Studied under William James at Harvard.
• Admitted to Harvard as a "guest."
• 1895 - Presented Doctoral thesis to Harvard
  faculty (Despite unanimous approval from the
  thesis committee)
• Harvard still refused to grant Calkins the degree
  she had earned because she was a ____________

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Mary Whiton Calkins

• At Harvard, Calkins invented the paired-associate
  task
• which involved showing study participants a
  series of paired colors and numerals, then
  testing recollections of which number had been
  paired with which color.
• The technique was used to study memory and was
  later published by Titchener, who claimed credit
  for its development.

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Mary Whiton Calkins

• Is famous in Psychology because
• First woman president of the American
  Psychological Association
• Calkins wrote over a hundred professional papers
  of topics in psychology

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American Psychological Association (APA)

• Founded in 1892 the governing
  body of all research not conducted by
  universities.

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American Psychological
Association

• Largest scientific and professional organization
  representing psychology in the United States.
• More than 134,000 researchers, educators,
  clinicians, consultants and students as its
  members.
• Mission is to advance the creation,
  communication and application of psychological
  knowledge to benefit society and improve people's
  lives.

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APA

• Promoting research in psychology
• Improving the qualifications and usefulness of
  psychologists by establishing high standards of
  ethics, conduct, education and achievement.

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Herman Ebbinghaus 1885

• Published classic studies on memory,
  nonsense syllables, learning curve.

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G. Stanley Hall

• First president of the APA, established the
  first psychological lab in the U.S.
  in 1883, at Johns Hopkins
  University.
• Started the American Psychological Journal
  (1887) now the American Journal of
  Psychology.

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Psychology Eclecticism

• Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of
  thought.
• Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole
  picture.
• Unlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying
  paradigm.

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Present Day PsychologyBehavioral Approach

• All behavior is observable and measurable
• Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism
• All Behavior result of learning

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Behaviorism

• Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936.
• Russian experimenter who showed
  automatic/involuntary behavior in learned
  responses to specific stimuli in the
  environment.
• Created Classical Conditioning.

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Behaviorism

• John Watson, 1913.
• Psychology can never be as objective as
  chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not
  that easy.
• I can take a child and make him into anything,
  a beggar, a doctor, a thief.

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John. B. Watson

• Baby Albert experiment
• Used classical conditioning to teach baby to fear
  white fuzzy things (started with a rat)

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Behaviorism

• B.F. Skinner, 1950s.
• Dismissed importance of inherited traits and
  instincts about human behavior
• Believed that all behavior is a result of
  rewards and punishments in the past.
• Any undesired behavior can be modified via
  positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement,
  and/or punishment

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B.F. Skinner

• Used the famous Skinner Box as the center of
  his research
• Used rats and pigeons to explore what he called
  OPERANT conditioning

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SKINNER BOX
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Another form of a SKINNER BOX
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Albert Banduraborn 1925

• Social Learning Theory How people acquire new
  behaviors by observing and imitating others
  (modeling).
• Famous Bobo Doll Experiment
• His criticisms of behaviorists All behavior
  cannot be explained by rewards and punishments.
  Treats people like robots as if they have no
  free-will.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• All behavior is meaningful, and much of it is
  controlled by digging below the surface to
  uncover the roots of personality (unconscious
  
• part of personality)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939.
• Studied neurology, but wanted to
  be a medical researcher, forced
  into being a private physician.
• Became convinced that patients difficulties were
  due to mental rather than physical problems.
• Proposed that distress due to problems that
  dated back to childhood.

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Siggy Freud

• Psychoanalysis Freuds therapy method for
  treating people with emotional problems, focus
  on unconscious mind, dream interpretation and
  free association
• Unconscious Nearly all of our impulses are
  sexual and aggressive in nature.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Interpretation of Dreams, 1900.
  Sold 600 copies in 8 years today sells
  millions every year.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Hidden Desires Freud stated that people are
  cesspools of hidden desires.
• Unresolved Conflicts If these occur in
  childhood, this will cause fixations in later
  life. (Stages)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freuds Stages Oral (Birth - 1 yr.),
  anal (1 yr.), phallic (4 yrs. -
  separates males/females), latency (Puberty),
  genital (adult)
• 3 Personalities Id, Ego, Superego
• Id Wants/Desires, Basic primal instincts.
  Pleasure Principle
• Ego Reality Principle
• Superego Conscious mind. Do the right thing.

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Psychoanalytic Theory Criticisms

• Does not focus on observable behavior
• cannot be scientifically proven or disproven
• Too dark negative view of human behavior
• Ignores political and social explanations of
  peoples problems.

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Like Freud Neo-Freudians

• Neo-Freudians psychologists who agreed with
  the basis of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, but
  changed and adapted the theory to incorporate
  their own beliefs, ideas and theories.
• Freud proposed a number of ideas that were highly
  controversial, but also attracted a number of
  followers.

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Psychodynamic theory

• Neo-Freudians
• Currently focuses on perceptions, memories
  thinking in our unconscious

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Carl Jung 1875-1961

• Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the
  University of Zürich asylum
• Worked with Freud
• Jungs theories revolved around the unconscious
  mind
• Eventually, Jung rejected Freud's emphasis on sex
  as the sole source of behavior motivation

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Carl Jung 1875-1961

• Human psyche exists in three parts the ego (the
  conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the
  collective unconscious.
• collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the
  experience and knowledge of the human species

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Alfred Adler 1870 -1937

• Austrian, like Freud
• Became president of Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
• Adler eventually departed due in part to his
  disagreements with some of Freud's theories.
• Adler had played a key role in the development of
  psychoanalysis

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Alfred Adler 1870 -1937

• Believed that every person has a sense of
  inferiority
• 'striving for superiority' and believed that this
  drive was the motivating force behind human
  behaviors, emotions, and thoughts.
• From childhood people work toward overcoming this
  inferiority

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Humanistic Theory (1950-60s)

• Strongly disagreed with both Behaviorists and
  psychoanalysts
• Stress the importance of peoples feelings and
  free will
• Believe humans are naturally positive and seek
  personal growth
• People have the ability to heal themselves

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Humanistic Theory

• Humanism Existentialism
• A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and
  isolation of the individual experience in a
  hostile or indifferent universe, regards human
  existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom
  of choice and responsibility for the consequences
  of one's acts.

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Humanistic Theory

• Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
  Peoples struggle is to be
  the best they possibly can, known
  as self-actualization.
• Carl Rogers Former minister believed
  all people strive for perfection some
  interrupted by a bad environment.

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Humanistic Theory

• Criticisms Believes all people are good and
  that people have the ability to heal themselves.
  Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than
  a psychology.

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Biopsychology / Biological Approach

• Seeks to understand the nervous system. All
  actions, feelings associated with the nervous
  system.
• The anatomy and physiology explanation for human
  thinking behavior
• Wilhelm Wundt Expected psychology to rest
  almost solely on Anatomy and Biology. Interested
  in how bodily events interact with events in the
  external environment to produce perceptions,
  memory and behavior.

53
Biopsychology

• Roger Sperry won Nobel-Prize for his Split-Brain
  research.
• Weber, Fechner, Helmholtzs work on complex
  chemical and biological processes within nervous
  and endocrine system are related to behavior

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Biopsychological (Neurobiological)

• Nervous System Responsible for our behavior
  Specifically abnormal and immediate responses.
• Anatomy/Biology Solely responsible for human
  behavior.
• Criticisms Ignores mental processes. Explains
  too little of human behavior, rejects
  environmental influences.

55
Cognitive Theory

• Thinking how mental thoughts affect behavior.
  Humanism gives rise to the Cognitive Theory.
• Studies how we attend, perceive, think, remember,
  solve problems and arrive at beliefs.
• Know whats going on in peoples heads first,
  then applies it to their behavior.

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For Example

• Cognitivists consider how human memory works to
  promote learning.
• Study the physiological processes of sorting and
  encoding information and events into short-term
  memory and long-term memory

57
Gestalt Psychology

• Gestalt Psychology means pattern or
  configuration.
• Studies how people interpret sensory information
  in order to acquire knowledge.
• The whole is larger than the sum of its parts

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Gestalt Psychology

• School of thought that looks at the human mind
  and behavior as a whole
• Started with Max Wertheimer, 1883-1943
• Gestalt psychology formed partially as a response
  to the structuralism (Wundt)

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Example of Gestalt Principles
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Gestalt
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GestaltGot it?
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Gestalt
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What Artist is famous for using Gestalt ideas as
the essence of his creations?
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M.C. Esher
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Jean Piaget 1896-1980

• Stages of Cognitive Development
• Researched childrens cognitive development
• Consist if 4 stages
• Inferred mental processes from observable
  behavior
• Children must accomplish mental tasks to prove
  they advanced to next stage

67
Cognitive Approach Criticisms

• Downplays emotion, lack of free will

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Sociocultural Psychology

• Examines how cultural and political (religious)
  experience effect our everyday life.
• Gender influences of behavior.
• Job opportunities, politics to influence peoples
  goals and ambitions.

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Sociocultural Psychology

• It is NOT intrapsychic Within the mind or self.

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Sociocultural Psychology

• Criticisms Underestimated personal on our
  behavior Makes broad generalizations about
  ethnic groups and cultures.

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Evolutionary Approach

• Very biological approach
• Human thinking and behavior are products of
  natural selection
• Started with ideas of Charles Darwin
• Evolutionary psychology postulates the mind and
  behavior is shaped by pressure to survive and
  reproduce

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That is all your approaches ?

• Now lets practice our new knowledge