A1258586642GYPRd

1
Welcome Your safety committee may be
ineffective unless members understand their role
and carry out their individual responsibilities.
The safety committee can be a "profit center"
activity As a fact-gathering, problem-solving
team of motivated members, the safety committee
has the potential to help save lives and money.
In this workshop, we'll discuss some basic
principles and best practices that will help your
safety committee succeed. Think of it as your
safety committee's "boot camp."
Our big goal for today Gain a greater
understanding of OAR 437, Division 1, Rule 765
requirements and best practices in effective
safety committee operations.

• What well be discussing today
• Safety committee role and purpose
• Vision statements, mission statements, and
  strategies
• Formation and Membership of the Safety Committee
• Duties and Functions of the Safety Committee
• Hazard Assessment and Control duties of the
  Safety Committee
• Evaluation of the Employer's Accountability
  System
• Increasing Employee Involvement
• Training the Safety Committee
• Identifying Workplace Hazards
• Investigating Workplace Accidents
• Writing Effective Recommendations
• Assisting the Employer in Controlling Hazards

Getting around Introductions Ground Rules Form
Groups
Please Note This material or any other material
used to inform employers of compliance
requirements of Oregon OSHA standards through
simplification of the regulations should not be
considered a substitute for any provisions of the
Oregon Safe Employment Act or for any standards
issued by Oregon OSHA.
2
Required Safety Committee Training Topics
What are the minimum requirements for safety
committee training?
(7) Safety and Health Training and
Instruction. (a) The following items shall be
discussed with all safety committee members (A)
Safety committee purpose and operation (B)
OAR 437-001-0760, Rules for all Workplaces,
through 437-001-0765, Rules for Workplace Safety
Committees, and their application and (C)
Methods of conducting safety committee
meetings. (c) All safety committee members
shall receive training based upon the type of
business activity. At a minimum, members shall
receive training regarding (A) Hazard
identification in the workplace and (B)
Principles regarding effective accident and
incident investigations.
What other training subjects might help the
safety committee operate as a successful
problem-solving team?
__________________________________________________
_____________ ____________________________________
___________________________ ______________________
_________________________________________ ________
__________________________________________________
_____ ____________________________________________
___________________
3
Understanding the Role and Purpose of Your Safety
Committee
What we do depends on who we think we are. It's
important that your safety committee have an
accurate view of who you are what role your team
plays in the organization. It answers the
question, "Who are we"? A valuable technique to
gain a better idea of the role the safety
committee is to write a vision statement. The
vision statement can be any length a single
sentence or a few bullet points as long as it
is clear, focused, and easily understandable. The
vision statement would be included in the safety
committee plan. EXERCISE Discuss the various
"roles" the safety committee might play in an
organization. Example The safety committee
performs the role of an educator Other
roles ___________________________________________
_____________________ ____________________________
______________________________________________ ___
__________________________________________________
_____________________ ____________________________
______________________________________________
Now that we know who we are, what do we
do? With an better understanding of who we are as
a safety team, we can now consider our mission or
purpose. To do this we will write a mission
statement that answers the questions, "Why do we
exist?" and "What's our primary goal?" The
mission statement should also be included in the
safety committee plan. EXERCISE Develop a
mission statement for your safety committee. The
mission of our safety committee is to It's our
mission to ____________________________________
______________________________________ ___________
__________________________________________________
_____________ ____________________________________
______________________________________ ___________
__________________________________________________
_____________ ____________________________________
______________________________________
OAR 437, Div 001, Rule 0765 (1) Purpose. The
purpose of a safety committee is to bring workers
and management together in a non-adversarial,
cooperative effort to promote safety and health
in each workplace. A safety committee assists the
employer and makes recommendations for change.
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We know who we are and what we will do now we
need to know how What are the strategies and
activities to achieve the vision and mission we
have developed? For instance, one activity to
help identify hazards is to conduct safety
inspections.
EXERCISE Develop a list of activities to
achieve your goals. To fulfill our role and
achieve our mission, we will Conduct monthly
safety inspection in each department______________
__________ _______________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
__________________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
__________________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
__________________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
__________________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
__________________________________________________
__________ _______________________________________
___________________________________
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Forming the Safety Committee
OAR 437, Div 001 Rule 765(5) Safety Committee
Formation and Membership. (a) The safety
committees required by OAR 437-001-0765(2)
shall (A) Be composed of an equal number of
employer and employee representatives. Employee
representatives shall be volunteers or shall be
elected by their peers. When agreed upon by
workers and management, the number of employees
on the committee may be greater than the number
of employer representatives. (C) Have a
chairperson elected by the committee members.
Why is it important to have both management and
labor represented? ______________________________
________________________________ _________________
_____________________________________________ Why
is it crucial that safety committee members
either volunteer or be elected? __________________
____________________________________________ _____
__________________________________________________
_______ Why is it important to elect the
chairperson? _____________________________________
_________________________ ________________________
______________________________________
6
More on this subject in Course 100 and 116.
Evaluating the Safety and Health Programs
OAR 437, Div 1, Rule 0765 (6)(d) Hazard
assessment and control. The safety committee
shall assist the employer in evaluating the
employer's accident and illness prevention
program, and shall make written recommendations
to improve the program where applicable.
All systems have structure, inputs, processes and
outputs
Structure
Safety Manager - The primary consultant on OSHA
mandated programs. May have overall
responsibility for safety management.
____________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
______________________ ___________________
________________ Safety Engineer - Consults on
the use of engineering controls to eliminate or
reduce hazards in the workplace.
____________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
______________________ ___________________
________________ Human Resources Coordinator -
Consults on human resource programs that impact
the safety and health of employees. 
____________________________________
___________________________________ ______________
______________________ ___________________
________________ Safety Committee - Identifies,
analyzes, and evaluates safety and health
programs.  ____________________________________
___________________________________ ________
____________________________
___________________________________
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The Safety Management System
A system may be thought of as an orderly
arrangement of interdependent activities and
related procedures which implement and facilitate
the performance of a major activity within an
organization. (American Society of Safety
Engineers, Dictionary of Terms)
All systems have structure, inputs, processes and
outputs
We know Syssie the cow as structure, but what are
her inputs, processes, outputs?
Inputs - Resources Programs Structure People Ma
terials Facilities Time Equipment Money
Inputs ________________________ Processes
_____________________ Outputs ____________________
___
Processes System Design 1. Commitment -
leading, following, managing, planning, funding
2. Accountability role, responsibility,
discipline 3. Involvement - safety committees,
suggestions, recognizing/rewarding 4.
Identification - inspections, audits,
observation, surveys, interviews 5. Analysis
incidents, accidents, tasks, programs, system 6.
Controls - engineering, management, PPE, interim
measures, maintenance 7. Education -
orientation, instruction, training, personal
experience 8. Evaluation - judging
effectiveness of conditions, behaviors, systems,
results 9. Improvement - change management,
design, implementation
Outputs - Performance Safe/Unsafe
conditions, behaviors Many/Few incidents and
accidents High/Low accident costs High/Low
productivity, morale, trust
Feedback
Where do we look to evaluate how well the safety
management system is working? ____________________
_________
What are the most immediate and observable
outputs of a safety management system?
_____________________________
8
More on this topic in OR-OSHA Course 122.
Conduct Safety Committee Meetings
OAR 437, Div 001 Rule 765(6) Safety Committee
Duties and Functions. (a) Management commitment
to workplace health and safety. (B) The safety
committee shall hold regular meetings at least
once a month except months when quarterly
workplace safety inspections are made. This does
not exclude other months from safety committee
meetings if more frequent safety inspections are
conducted.
Brainstorm this! What makes safety committee
meetings a disaster? _____________________________
__________________________________ _______________
________________________________________________ _
__________________________________________________
____________ _____________________________________
__________________________ _______________________
________________________________________ _________
__________________________________________________
____ _____________________________________________
__________________
OK, now solve these problems. List solutions to
disastrous safety committee meetings _____________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
______________ ___________________________________
____________________________ _____________________
__________________________________________ _______
__________________________________________________
______ ___________________________________________
____________________ _____________________________
__________________________________
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What do we discuss during the meeting?

• Department hazard reports. These are all effects
  of deeper root causes. Ask "why" to get at the
  root causes. Maintenance requests should have
  already been submitted by supervisors.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• OSHA 300 Log Status. More useful data. Conduct
  trend analysis.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• Safety inspections, audits, surveys. More useful
  data to help improve programs.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• Incident/Accident investigation reports. Make
  sure they address root causes.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• Plans, policies, procedures, rules, reports. See
  if you can improve them.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• Training. Conduct mini-training sessions.
  Problem solve scenarios, watch short videos.
  Develop a SC library. Take Train the Trainer
  workshop.
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• Discuss new rules. Visit OR- OSHA's email
  notification service at http//www.orosha.org.
  Click on Rules/Laws link. Click on Email
  Notification Service to receive notification of
  new rules, training, and other information.

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More on this subject in Courses 112 and 119.
Evaluating Accountability
OAR 437, Div 001, Rule 0765(6)(f) The safety
committee shall evaluate the employers
accountability system and make recommendations to
implement supervisor and employee accountability
for safety and health.
Effective Appropriate Factual
Significant
Accountability Behavior Evaluation 4
Consequences
What do we evaluate? ____________________________
_______________ What is the evaluation based on?
__________________________________ What are
effective consequences? __________________________
_______ __________________________________________
_____________________
437-001-0760(1)(a) The employer shall see that
workers are properly instructed
and supervised in the safe operation of
any machinery, tools, equipment, process,
or practice which they
are authorized to use or apply... (b) The
employer shall take all reasonable means to
require employees to (A) To work and act in a
safe and healthful manner (B) To conduct their
work in compliance with all applicable safety and
health rules (C) To use all means and
methods, including but not limited to,
ladders, scaffolds, guardrails, machine guards,
safety belts and lifelines, that are necessary
to safely accomplish all work where employees
are exposed to a hazard and (D) Not to
remove, displace, damage, destroy or carry off
any safety device, guard, notice or warning
provided for use in any employment or place of
employment while such use is required by
applicable safety and health rules.
Whats the definition of adequate safety
supervision?
This rule requires the employer to
______________, ______________, and
_______________.
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437-01-0760(3) Investigation of Injuries. (a)
Each employer shall investigate or cause to be
investigated every lost-time injury that workers
suffer in connection with their employment, to
determine the means that should be taken to
prevent recurrence. The employer shall promptly
install any safeguard to take any corrective
measure indicated or found advisable.
What does this rule tell us to investigate? Is
that adequate? ___________________________________
______________________________ Why do we
investigate? _____________________________________
____________________________ What do we do with
the findings? ____________________________________
_____________________________
The supervisor Agent of the Employer
OAR 437-01-0760(3)(c) Any supervisors or persons
in charge of work are held to be the agents of
the employer in the discharge of their authorized
duties, and are at all times responsible
for (A) The execution in a safe manner of
the work under their supervision and (B)
The safe conduct of their crew while under
their supervision and (C) The safety of
all workers under their supervision.
Since the supervisor is an agent of the employer,
what's the impact on employers accountability if
a supervisor violates a safety rule?
__________________________________________________
_______________ __________________________________
_______________________________ Ignores
violations? ______________________________________
___________________________ ______________________
___________________________________________
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The key to safety supervision is super-vision
437-001-0760(7)(a) All places of employment shall
be inspected by a qualified person or persons as
often as the type of operation or the character
of the equipment requires. Defective equipment
or unsafe conditions found by these inspections
shall be replaced or repaired or remedied
promptly.
The supervisor must I_____________ and
C____________ hazards before they cause
I____________ or I______________ to an employee.
How does a person you get "qualified"?
______________________________ ___________________
______________________________________________ Wha
t does "promptly" mean? ________________________
______________
What obligations do supervisors have to the
employee?
For discipline to be justified, those in control
should fulfill their obligations to the employee
first. To make sure obligations are fulfilled,
conduct a self-evaluation. What questions should
the supervisor or manager ask before
administering discipline?
E
R
S
T
L

1. Have I ensured the employee is adequately
   T______________________?
2. Have I made sure the employee is provided
   adequate R_______________?
3. Have I effectively E____________________ safety
   rules?
4. Have I provided adequate S_____________________?
5. Have I personally demonstrated safety
   L_________________________?

When considering discipline, the fact that there
was an accident is irrelevant! Do you
agree/disagree with this statement? Why?
______________________ ___________________________
______________________________________________ ___
__________________________________________________
____________________
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E
R
S
Optional Exercise
Accountability establishes
obligation Read and evaluate each scenario to
determine which describes a situation in which
discipline is most justified.
T
L
Scenario 1 Bob, a new maintenance worker who had
previously been working for the company for 10
years as an assembler, received a serious
electrical shock while working on a conveyor belt
motor. When asked why he did not use the
companys established lockout/tagout procedures,
he acknowledged that he had heard about the
procedures, but evidently maintenance workers
hadn't been using the old procedures for
several years, ever since the new supervisor was
hired. Bob also commented that his supervisor was
under the gun by the production manager to hurry
up and fix the conveyor because the whole system
was shut down. Scenario 2 Ralph, a properly
trained and experienced roofer for Sky High
Contractors, was caught by his supervisor
working on a steeply pitched wood shingled roof
without proper fall protection. When questioned,
he stated that he knew he should be using the
fall protection, and that he would be in trouble
if caught. He stated that there was nothing
wrong with the equipment, but it was too big of a
hassle to stop working to get it out of the back
of his truck. In which scenario is discipline
most justified? ______________ Why?
__________________________________________________
_________________ ________________________________
_________________________________________ ________
__________________________________________________
_______________ __________________________________
_______________________________________ __________
__________________________________________________
_____________ ____________________________________
_____________________________________
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More on this subject in Course 126.
Increasing Employee Involvement
OAR 437, Div 1, Rule 0765 (6) (A) Involvement.
The committee shall establish a system to allow
the members to obtain safety-related suggestions,
reports of hazards, or other information directly
from all persons involved in the operations of
the workplace.
Why do some suggestion programs fail while others
succeed? They fail because ___________________
_________________________________________ ________
__________________________________________________
_________________________ They succeed because
_________________________________________________
____ _____________________________________________
______________________________________ What can
we do to create more interest and participation
in safety committee activities? __________________
__________________________________________________
_____________ ____________________________________
_____________________________________________
Make sure recognition is effective Recognition
should be S_____________________ - positive
recognition occurs as soon as possible after the
positive performance. Negative recognition should
occur soon after it's justified.
S_____________________ - employees (1) must be
sure they will be recognized, and (2) sure about
why theyre being recognized. Recognition is not
based on luck. S_____________________ -
recognition should be perceived as more than an
entitlement. The nature of (positive/negative),
and significance (importance) of the recognition
is defined by the receiver, not the
giver. S___________________ - informal
recognition usually works best. Keep it simple
and make it fun (KISMIF). The motive is more
easily perceived. S_____________________ -
genuine appreciation or disapproval. Your
appreciation is perceived by the receiver as
sincere. Recognition is "heart-driven," not
"policy-driven."
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• Optional Exercise Perceiving the problem
• Read the following scenario and complete each
  assignment.
• Minutes from last months safety committee
  meeting.
• The safety committee chair informed members that
  two employees were caught stuffing a tuna
  sandwich into the safety suggestion box in the
  maintenance shop.
• Injuries are down 10 from the year before, but
  have reversed and actually increased 7 during
  each of the last two months. Injury reports
  jumped the week after the safety contest for the
  quarter was complete.
• Bob mentioned that he had to coax Billie to
  report her cut hand to the supervisor. When
  asked why she did not want to report the injury,
  she explained that she didnt want to hurt the
  departments chance to win the quarterly safety
  award.
• Gloria expressed her concern that morale is low
  because the general attitude about management is
  that it doesnt really care about employee
  safety. No one is really interested in the
  companys incentive program so once again, we
  need to do something exciting to increase
  involvement. She recommended Safety Bingo.
• What conditions and behaviors lead you to believe
  there is a problem?
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• What is one recommendation that would help solve
  the problem?
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________

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For more on this topic take Course 104.
Identifying workplace hazards
OAR 437, Div 1, Rule (6)(d) Hazard assessment and
control. Additionally, the safety committee
shall establish procedures for workplace
inspections by the safety committee inspection
team to locate and identify safety and health
hazards conduct workplace inspections at least
quarterly
It takes a hazard and someone exposed to the
hazard to produce an accident.
Hazard Exposure a Accident
What is a "hazard?" An unsafe workplace
condition or practice that could cause injury or
illness to an employee. What's a
conditionpractice? _____________________________
__________________________________ Can an
employee become a "hazardous condition"?
__________________________________________________
_____________

• What is Exposure?
• Physical exposure When a person is generally
  arms length from the danger zone
• Environmental exposure A person can be any
  distance from excessive noise, heat, etc.

• What causes incidents and accidents in the
  workplace?
• Uncontrollable events (acts of God) account for
  ____ of all workplace accidents.
• The safety management system contributes in some
  degree to over _____ of all workplace accidents.

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Four ways to identify and analyze hazards
1. Walkaround Inspections Uncover
hazards Formal inspection and informal
observation can be effective in identifying
hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors in your
workplace.

• How to develop an effective inspection checklist.
• Determine applicable state safety health rules
  for the workplace. Call the OR-OSHA Technical
  Services Section, [phone] for assistance.
• Review rules and use those you feel apply to your
  workplace. What rules, if
  violated would result in serious physical harm or
  fatality?
• Develop checklist questions not addressed in the
  rules. Guard against getting tunnel vision.

Why most walkaround inspection ineffective in
identifying the causes of most accidents? ________
__________________________________________________
____ _____________________________________________
_________________ ________________________________
______________________________
How do we overcome this weakness in the
inspection process? ______________________________
____________________________________________ _____
__________________________________________________
___________________ ______________________________
____________________________________________ To
be most effective, who should be involved in the
inspection process? ______________________________
___________________________________________ ______
__________________________________________________
_________________
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Hazard Categories

• Acceleration. When we speed up or slow down too
  quickly.
• Vibration/Noise. Produce adverse physiological
  and psychological effects.
• Toxics. Poisonous substance that is toxic to
  skin and internal organs.
• Radiation. Non-ionizing - burns. Ionizing -
  destroys tissue.
• Ergonomics. Unsafe lifting, lowering, pushing,
  pulling, twisting.
• Pressure. Increased pressure in hydraulic and
  pneumatic systems.
• Mechanical. Pinch points, sharp points and
  edges, weight, rotating parts, stability, ejected
  parts and materials, impact.
• Heat/Temperature. Extremes in either can cause
  trauma, illness.
• Flammability/Fire. In order for combustion to
  take place, the fuel and oxidizer must be present
  in gaseous form.
• Explosives. Explosions result in large amounts
  of gas, heat, noise, light, pressure.
• Electrical contact. Caused by inadequate
  insulation, broken electrical lines or equipment,
  lightning strike, static discharge, and so on.
• Chemical reactions. Chemical reactions can be
  violent, can cause explosions, dispersion of
  materials and emission of heat.
• Biologicals. Primarily airborne and bloodborne
  viruses.
• Workplace Violence.  Physical violence and verbal
  abuse by persons external and internal to the
  workplace.
• Source Occupational Safety Management and
  Engineering, Willie Hammer

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Report Identified Hazards

• Use appropriate language. Is the report
  considered a concern or a complaint?
• Keep the process simple. How can we do that?
• Always recognize employees who report hazards.

Writing Effective Inspection Reports

• Its important to write an inspection report to
  help sell management on taking corrective
  actions. The following inspection report format
  is designed to give management useful information
  describing hazards and bottom line
  costs/benefits needed to justify corrective
  action.
• 1. The Background/Introduction section briefly
  outlines
• What the report is
• Who conducted the inspection
• Where was the inspection was conducted
• Why was the inspection conducted
• 2. The Findings section gives information about
  
• Hazardous conditions and unsafe work practices
• Safety system inadequacies
• Estimated costs if an accident occurs as a result
  of hazards
• 3. The Recommendations section provides
• Strategies to eliminate/reduce hazards
• Improvements to system inadequacies
• Estimates of the investment required to implement
  changes
• 4. The Conclusion/Summary section summarizes

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• 2. Observation See inappropriate behaviors
• Observations are conducted daily usually in an
  informal manner. Other strategies include formal
  observations to collect and analyze data as a way
  to help improve the safety management system. In
  both cases, observation is key in uncovering
  hazardous conditions and unsafe behaviors.
• Who should be involved in conducting
  observations?
• __________________________________________________
  ______________
• What does a simple formal observation program
  look like?
• An observation program includes a written plan
  and procedures to conduct fact-finding
  observation to improve safety performance in the
  workplace. Procedures do this
• involve employees in the process
• identify critical safety behaviors
• perform observations to gather data
• provide feedback to encourage improvement
• use data to identify and improve safety
  management system weaknesses
• Why do some observation programs fail?
• __________________________________________________
  ______________
• __________________________________________________
  ______________

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More on this topic in Course 103.

• 3. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
• A Job Hazard Analysis, also called a job safety
  analysis, is an organized approach involving the
  worker and supervisor. They observe a task, break
  it down into steps, analyze each step for safety
  and operational needs, and provide
  recommendations for procedures to meet those
  needs. Effective use of JHAs will do the
  following
• Provides the supervisor with a clear
  understanding of what the employee does and does
  not know about the task
• Recognizes needed changes in equipment or
  procedures
• Provides a way to increase employee involvement.

SAMPLE JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
Job Description Loading an empty trailer with
pallets of product. Basic Job Step Hazards
Present Safe Job Procedure
 1. Worker could be caught between backing
trailer and dock. Worker could fall from the
dock. . . . . .. . . 2. Worker could
fall on stairs going to the dock well. Workers
head could be struck against the trailer. Worker
could slip on ice or snow. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
1.Ensure that trailer is correctly spotted.   2.
Chock wheels place jacks under trailer nose.   .
1. Stay clear of the doorway while the trailer
is being backed onto the dock. Keep others away
from the area. Remove awareness chain or bar from
the front of the dock door once the trailer is
properly spotted. 2. If the truck driver has not
chocked the wheels, go down the tile ramp/stairs
to the dock well and chock the wheels. Use
caution when walking on snow or ice. Hold onto
hand rails use ice-melt chemical if needed. When
placing the chock, avoid bumping your head on the
underside of the trailer. Place jacks under the
nose of the trailer. If the dock is equipped with
an automatic trailer restraint, push the button
to activate the device.
Why is it smart business for the supervisor to
conduct a JHA with his or her workers?
__________________________________________________
_____________ ____________________________________
___________________________
Sample JHA from Job Hazard Analysis, by George
Swartz, CSP, Government Institutes Pub.
22
More on this topic in Course 102.
4. Incident/Accident Analysis
OAR 437, Div 001 Rule 765 (6) (g) Accident
investigation.  The safety committee shall
establish procedures for investigating all
safety-related incidents including injury
accidents, illnesses and deaths. This rule shall
not be construed to require the committee to
conduct the investigations.
Be ready when accidents happen When a serious
accident occurs in the workplace, everyone will
be too busy to worry about putting together an
investigation plan, so now... before the accident
occurs... is the time to develop an effective
accident investigation plan. An investigation
plan should at least do the following 1.
Include a clear policy statement. 2. Identify
those authorized to notify outside agencies
(fire, police, etc.) 3. Designate those
responsible to investigate accidents. 4. Train
all accident investigators. 5. Establish
timetables for conducting an investigation and
taking corrective action. 6. Identify those who
will receive the accident report and take
corrective action.
What's likely to happen when there is no written
plan and employees are not properly trained in
the incident/accident analysis process? __________
__________________________________________________
_
No-Fault Accident Analysis If someone
deliberately sets out to produce loss or injury,
it's called a crime, not an accident. Yet many
accident investigations get confused with
criminal investigations Whenever the
investigative procedures are used to place blame,
an adversarial relationship is inevitable. The
investigator wants to find out what actually
happened while those involved are trying to be
sure they are not going to be punished for their
actions. The result is an inadequate
investigation. (Kingsley Hendrick, Ludwig Benner,
Investigating Accidents with STEP, p 42. Marcel
Dekker, Inc. 1987.)
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Whats the difference between an incident and
an accident? ____________________________________
_________________ What two key conditions must
exist before an accident occurs?
H_______________ and E_________________
What is the difference between accident
investigation and accident analysis? ____________
__________________________________________________
_ ________________________________________________
_______________
The first two steps in the accident investigation
procedure help you gather accurate information
about the accident.
Step 1 Secure the accident scene
Your primary goal in this step is to secure the
accident scene so important evidence is not
changed or moved. When is it appropriate to
begin the investigation? _________________________
______________________________________ What are
effective methods to secure an accident
scene? ___________________________________________
____________________ _____________________________
__________________________________ _______________
________________________________________________ _
__________________________________________________
____________
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Step 2 Collect facts about what happened

• In this step, we collect facts about the accident
  to identify the
• Direct cause of injury.
• Surface causes. Unique hazardous conditions and
  unsafe behaviors that directly cause or
  contribute to the accident.
• Root causes. System design and performance
  weaknesses that contribute to the surface causes.

List methods to document the accident scene and
collect facts about what happened.
Sketches Measurements Photographs Observations
Videotape Statements
What documents will you be interested in
reviewing? Why? Standard operating
procedures Inspection records Job Hazard
Analysis Inspection records MSDS
sheets Maintenance records Training
records Manufacturer's manual Disciplinary
records
Interviewing
Interviewing is probably the most important
method in gathering facts. It takes experience
to develop effective interviewing skills.
When is it best to interview?
Why? _____________________________________________
_________________ Who should we interview? Why?
_________________________________________________
_____________ Where should we conduct the
interview? _______________________________________
_______________________
25
The next two steps help you organize and analyze
the information gathered so you may accurately
determine the surface and root causes.
Step 3 Develop the sequence of events
An accident is the final event in an accident
process In this step, we take the information
gathered in step 2 to determine the events prior
to, during, and after the accident. Once the
events are clearly understood, we can then
continue to examine each event for hazardous
conditions and/or unsafe behaviors. Developing
the sequence of events is critical in the
accident analysis process in order to fix the
system. Each event in the unplanned accident
process identifies one Each event describes
what one person or object (the actor) does
(action). The actor initiates the action that
may or may not be observed. For instance, in
this event, "Dale slipped on a banana," Dale is
the actor and slipped is the action.
Sample Sequence of Events
Event -6 Steve uses a piece of stock as a push
stick but it doesn't work, so he decides not to
use it. Event -5 At 532 PM, Steve pushes a
piece of frame stock toward the unguarded saw
blade to cut it. Event -4 At that same instant,
Bob yells out, "Hey, Steve, get over here right
now!" Event -3 Steve yells back, "WHAT!," as he
quickly turns his head to the left to respond to
Bob. Event -2 As Steve turns his head, his
body twists to the left. Event -1 Steve's
hand contacts the unguarded rotating table saw
blade. Event 0 The saw blade strikes and cuts
Steve's hand between the thumb and fore-finger,
almost amputating the thumb. Event 1 Steve
screams and falls to the floor unconscious.
Event 2 Hearing Steve yell, and seeing him
fall to the floor, Bob immediately tells Gloria
to call 911. Event 3 Gloria calls 911 while
Bob runs over to perform first aid on Steve's
hand.
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Step 4 Determine surface and root causes
Why?
Why?
Ladder broke
Hurry
Surface Causes Contributing
Primary

Ignores hazards
Bad breaks
Does not inspect
Slippery road
Why?
Fatigue
Fails to enforce
Bald tires
Does not train
LTA discipline
LTA inspections
Why?
Root Causes Design Performance

LTA tools, equipment
LTA training
LTA supervision plan
LTA enforcement Plan
Why?
LTA purchasing plan
LTA training Plan
LTA Less Than Adequate
Surface Cause of the Accident A specific/unique hazardous condition and/or unsafe action by a person Directly produces or indirectly contributes to the accident May exist or occur at any time and at any place in the organization Root Cause of the Accident Less than adequate design and/or performance of safety policies, programs, plans, processes, procedures, practices Created and exists prior to surface cause Result in common or repeated hazards Failure can occur anytime, anywhere
27
The last two steps will help you develop and
propose solutions that correct hazards and design
long-lasting system improvements.
Step 5 Recommend corrective actions System
Improvements

• The Hierarchy of Controls If you can remove the
  hazard, you don't have to manage behaviors
• Engineering Controls. Eliminate/reduce hazards
  through equipment redesign, replacement,
  substitution, etc.
• Management Controls. Eliminate/reduce exposure
  to hazards by controlling employee behaviors.
  Three primary strategies (1) work procedures,
  (2) safe practices, (3) scheduling.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Eliminate
  exposure by placing barriers between worker and
  hazard..
• Interim Measures. These include strategies that
  are used as a temporary fix while permanent
  controls are being developed.

Improvement strategies to fix the system

• Make improvements to policies, programs, plans,
  processes, and procedures in one or more of the
  seven elements of the safety management system.
  Making system improvements might include some of
  the following
• Writing a comprehensive safety and health plan
  that include all of the above elements
• Improving a safety policy so that it clearly
  establishes responsibility and accountability
• Changing a training plan so that the use of
  checklists are taught
• Revising purchasing policy to include safety
  considerations as well as cost
• Changing the safety inspection process to include
  all supervisors and employees

28
For more on this topic take Course 107, and 111.
Writing Effective Recommendations
OAR 437, Div 1, Rule 765 (6) (d) Hazard
assessment and control. The safety committee
shall make written recommendations to improve
the program where applicable OAR 437, Div 1,
Rule 765 (6) (e) Safety and health planning. The
safety committee shall establish procedures for
the review of all safety and health inspection
reports made by the committee. the committee
shall make recommendations for improvement of the
employer's accident and illness prevention
program.
To sell safety, talk the bottom line All
recommendation, verbal or written, must be
designed with one purpose in mind To provide
information that will motivate a decision-maker
to support, sign, and implement the change that
will improve the safety and health environment
for the workers. Heres a sample recommendation
that illustrates this idea
1) Problem Statement The guardrail in the
warehouse has deteriorated to a point that it is
unable to support any weight on it. 2) History
of the Problem We had an incident on 6/13/03
where Joe Jones almost fell down the 10 steps
because the guard rail did not support his
weight. He fortunately caught himself before
falling. We had a second near miss incident on
9/18/03 when Jane Doe tripped going up the stairs
and grabbed for the rail which did not support
her. Based on these events, its highly likely a
serious injury may occur within a year. 3)
Solution(s) We have attempted to tighten and
brace the guardrail but it continues to work
itself loose. We believe the best option is to
replace the guardrail with a manufactured system
meeting all OSHA requirements. We have bids
ranging from a high of 3,200 to a low bid of
1,500. We believe the xyz brand for 2,000 will
prove to be the best material for our facility.
4) Cost/Benefit Analysis ROI. Average cost of
a severe injury in Oregon is 13,107 which is
very possible if one of our employees should fall
from the second story of the warehouse to the
concrete pad below. The estimated additional
indirect cost is 18,000. Total accident cost is
estimated to be over 31,000. We will save over
five times our investment of 2,000 if an
accident is prevented within a year.
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Selling the Bottom Line - What do accidents cost?
Direct Costs Insured
Unseen costs can sink the ship!
Just the tip of the iceberg
Average 2005 Cost to close a claim in Oregon
14,499

1. Workers compensation premiums 2.
Miscellaneous medical expenses
Indirect Accident Costs Hidden - Uninsured - Out
of pocket Average 2005 indirect accident costs
in Oregon 60,000

• A few examples
• Cost of wages paid for time lost by other
  non-injured workers
• Net cost to repair, replace, or straighten up
  material or damaged equipment
• Extra cost due to overtime work
• Cost of wages paid for supervisor activities
  related to employee injuries
• Wage cost due to decreased output of injured
  workers after returning to work
• Cost-of-learning period of new worker
• Uninsured medical costs
• Cost of time to investigate accidents, process
  claims
• Miscellaneous unusual costs. (over 100 other
  items)

Average 2005 total injury costs in Oregon
74,499
Ref Grimaldi and Simons, Safety Management, ASSE
Pub.
Ouch! Replacing direct and indirect accident
costs Using National Safety Council average
direct and indirect costs for 2003, and assuming
a five percent profit margin, how much business
volume is needed to replace accident costs? (For
a 5 profit margin, BV 20x accident costs!)
Non-Lost-time injury 7,000 x 20
140,000 Lost- time injury 38,000 x
20 720,000 Fatality 1,100,000 x 20
22,000,000
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Step 6 Write the accident report
The primary reason accident investigations fail
to help eliminate future accidents is because
they only identify and recommend corrections to
surface causes. Root causes are often ignored.
Let's take a look at one format for ensuring an
effective report.
1. Background. Describe when and where the
accident occurred, who was injured, eye/ear
witnesses, and others who were interviewed as
part of the investigation. 2. Description of
the Accident. Describe the sequence of relevant
events prior to, during, and immediately after
the accident. Attach separate page if necessary.
You may want to retain event numbers in the
narrative. 3. Findings. Identify the surface
causes and root causes of the accident, and be
sure to explain why you believe they, in fact,
did cause or contribute to the accident. If the
safety manager or staff conducts root cause
analysis, they will include their finding and
justification related to the system weaknesses
that contributed to the accident. 4.
Recommendations. Detail suggested immediate
corrective actions that will reduce or eliminate
the hazard and exposures that caused the
accident. Describe suggested changes in safety
programs to improve the ability to provide safety
leadership, resources, enforcement, supervision,
and training. 5. Summary. Estimate costs of
the accident, required investment, and future
benefits of corrective actions. 6. Follow-up
Actions. Describe equipment/machinery repaired,
training conducted, etc. Describe system
components developed/revised. Indicate persons
responsible for monitoring the quality of the
change. Indicate review official. 7.
Attachments. Photos, sketches, interview notes,
etc.
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For more on this topic take OR-OSHA Course 104.
Helping the employer control hazards
OAR 437, Div 1, Rule 765 (6) (d) Hazard
assessment and control. The safety committee
shall make written recommendations to
eliminate hazards and unsafe work practices in
the workplace.

• 1. Engineering Controls - Eliminate or
  reduce the hazard
• The basic goal is to eliminate or reduce hazards
  through the design of tools, equipment, machinery
  and the environment.
• Engineering controls are based on the following
  broad strategies 
• Design. If feasible, design the facility,
  equipment, or process to remove the hazard and/or
  substitute something that is not hazardous or is
  less hazardous. Examples
• Redesigning, changing, or substituting equipment
  to remove the source of excessive temperature,
  noise, or pressure  
• Redesigning a process to use less toxic
  chemicals 
• Designing general ventilation with sufficient
  fresh outdoor air to improve indoor air quality
  and generally to provide a safe, healthful
  atmosphere.
• Enclosure. If removal is not feasible, enclose
  the hazard to prevent exposure in normal
  operations. Examples include
• Complete enclosure of moving parts of machinery 
• Complete containment of toxic liquids or gases
• Complete containment of noise, heat, or
  pressure-producing processes.  
• Barriers. Where complete enclosure is not
  feasible, establish barriers or local ventilation
  to reduce exposure to the hazard in normal
  operations. Examples include
• Ventilation hoods in laboratory work 
• Machine guarding, including electronic barriers
   
• Baffles used as noise-absorbing barriers.

32

• 2. Management Controls - Eliminate
  or reduce exposure
• Any procedure which significantly limits daily
  exposure by control or manipulation of the work
  schedule or manner in which work is performed is
  considered a means of management control.
• General Work Practices. Some of these may be
  very general in their applicability. These
  control strategies include housekeeping
  activities such as
•  Removal of tripping, blocking, and slipping
  hazards
•  Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and
•  Wetting down surfaces to keep toxic dust out of
  the air.
• Specific Procedures. Specific jobs may require
  steps to ensure the safety and health of workers
  while accomplishing the job. To develop these
  procedures, you may conduct a job hazard
  analysis.
• Procedures that require the use of PPE
• Scaffold erection procedures
• Chemical spill procedures
• Work Schedules. Measures aimed at reducing
  employee exposure to hazards by changing work
  schedules. These control strategies include
• Lengthened rest breaks
• Additional relief workers
• Exercise breaks to vary body motions
• Rotation of workers through different jobs

Why are engineering controls considered superior
to management controls? __________________________
__________________________________________________
____________ _____________________________________
__________________________________________________
_ ________________________________________________
________________________________________
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3. Personal Protective Equipment  PPE is last
in the hierarchy because it doesn't reduce or
control the hazard, and it is time-consuming to
select the correct type of PPE. It also takes up
a lot of management time to make sure workers are
trained and actually use the equipment. 4.
Interim Measures  Just about any hazard found in
the workplace can be eliminated or reduced
temporarily For instance, two people might lift
a heavy load until a lift device can be
purchased.
Effective Maintenance Processes
1. Preventive maintenance to help make sure
equipment and machinery operates safely and
smoothly. 2. Corrective maintenance to help
make sure equipment and machinery gets back into
safe operation quickly.
Hazard Tracking Procedures
XYZ Hazard Tracking Log
34
For more information on this topic take OR-OSHA
Course 110.
Continual improvement
Consider how the change you propose will impact
all elements of the safety management
system. The Oregon OSHA safety management system
model includes seven critical elements 1.
Top Management Commitment 5.
Incident/Accident Investigation 2. Labor and
Management Accountability 6. Education and
Training 3. Employee Involvement 7.
Periodic Evaluation 4. Hazard Identification
and Control
Successful change requires effective design and
implementation
Continual feedback
Adopt, abandon, or revise program as needed
Plan and develop improvements
Implement improvements
Monitor process
Plan Do Study
Act
What will be the result if a change is not
designed or performed effectively?
_________________________________________________
_________________________ ________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________
35
Before you runlets review 1. All systems
have S _____________, I ________________, P
______________, and O ________________.
2. What approximate percentage of accidents that
occur in the workplace are unavoidable ? 3.
Which of the following describes a surface cause