Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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Section 7.3

• Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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Cellular Boundaries

• Plasma Membrane - allows nutrients in and waste
  out, selectively permeable
• Cell Wall plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and
  some protists fairly rigid structure located
  outside the plasma membrane, provides additional
  support and protection.

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Cell Wall

• Fibrous, porous, allows molecules to enter, does
  not select which molecules enter cell.

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The Nucleus and Cell Control

• The nucleus contains the directions to make
  proteins.
• Every part of the cell depends on proteins, the
  nucleus controls the activity of all organelles.
• The master set of directions for making proteins
  is contained in chromatin, strands of DNA

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The Nucleus and Cell Control

• Cells with nucleus stained

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The Nucleus and Cell Control

• Nucleolus within the nucleus, makes ribosomes,
  ribosomes make protein according to the
  directions of DNA
• Ribosomes composed of proteins, not membrane
  bound
• To make proteins, ribosomes must leave the
  nucleus and enter the cytoplasm. DNA must be
  translated to RNA and sent to the cytoplasm.

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Nucleolus
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Cytoplasm

• Clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell
• the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from
  the cytoplasm
• The similar fluid in the nucleus is called
  nucleoplasm

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Assembly, Transport, and Storage

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) site of cellular
  chemical reactions, highly folded membrane in
  cytoplasm
• Rough ER ribosomes are attached to the surface
  of the ER, protein synthesis
• Smooth ER no ribosomes, production and storage
  of lipids

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Assembly, Transport, and Storage

• Golgi apparatus a flattened stack of tubular
  membranes that modify proteins
• Sorts proteins into packages and packs them into
  membrane-bound vesicles.
• The vesicles move proteins to the appropriate
  destination

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Golgi Apparatus
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Vacuoles and Storage

• Vacuoles membrane bound compartments for
  temporary storage of food, enzymes, and other
  materials
• Some vacuoles store waste products.
• Plant cells usually have a single large vacuole
  animal cells usually do not have vacuoles or
  they have very small vacuoles.

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Vacuoles and Storage
Vacuoles in Plant Cells
Vacuoles in Protists
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Lysosomes and Recycling

• Organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
• Digest excess or worn out organelles, food, and
  engulfed viruses or bacteria
• The Lysosomes membrane prevents the digestion of
  other cellular components.
• Lysosomes fuse with vacuoles, dispense their
  enzymes into the vacuole, digesting its contents.

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Lysosomes and Recycling
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Energy Transformers

• Cellular Processes (making proteins, ect) require
  energy.
• Chloroplasts capture light energy and convert
  it to chemical energy. Double membrane, inner
  folded. Contain chlorophyll, the energy is stored
  in sugar molecules.

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Chloroplasts
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Mitochondria

• Membrane bound organelles in plant and animal
  cells that transform energy for the cell.
• Sugar is converted to ATP, a molecule that is
  stored and easily accessible for cell organelles.

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Mitochondria
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Support and Locomotion

• Cytoskeleton frame work for the cell, not fixed
  like our skeleton, changes shape to allow cell to
  change shape.
• Microtubules and microfilaments make up the
  cytoskeleton, anchor and support other organelles.

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Centrioles

• Play a roll in cell division (Mitosis).
• Made of microtubules
• Found in the cells of plants, animals, and most
  protists.

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Cilia and Flagella

• Organelles made of microtubules that aide the
  cell in locomotion or feeding.
• Cilia short, numerous, hair-like
• Flagella - longer, whip-like, single or double

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Cilia and Flagella