SAGE II on ERBS

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SAGE II on ERBS

• 20 Years of Successful Measurements A Worlds
  Record
• M. Patrick McCormick
• Principal Investigator
• Hampton University
• October 8, 2004

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OUTLINE

• An Introduction to SAGE II/ERBS
• SAGE II Science
• Lessons learned
• Summary of Success

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SAGE II Science Team
J. LenobleUniversite de Lille, France M. P.
McCormickHampton University D. G.
MurcrayUniversity of Denver T. J.
PepinUniversity of Wyoming D. RindNASA, GISS P.
B. RussellNASA, ARC
D. M. CunnoldGeorgia Inst. Of Technology G.
FioccoInst. Di Fisica dell Atmosfera G. W.
GramsGeorgia Inst. Of Technology M.
HironoKyushu University, Japan R. M.
NagataniNOAA, National Met. Center
Principal Investigator
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SAGE II Engineering Team at LaRC Winn Vaughan-
Project Manager Ed Mauldin- Systems Instrument
Engineer John Gustafson- Mech./Thermal Len
McMaster- Detectors Sci. Team Mgr. Scott Laney-
Pointing Tom Moore- R QA
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SAGE II Personnel At Ball   Joe Guy Program
Manager Don McDaniel Test Engineer Dick
Vessill System Engineer -Optics Gerry Seagal
Production Mike Rodine Assembly Sandy Patterson
Secretary Cathy Gunyeah Secretary Eldon
Stogsil Radiometer Dick Mathews Mechanical
Designer Bill Cebula Quality Engineer Dave
Doolie Thermal Energy Neil Zahn Radiometer
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SAGE III Design Significantly Improves Science
Capabilities
SAGE II (1984 - Present) Differential
Absorption Water Vapor
SAGE I (1979 - 1981) Multi-channel Spectral
Grating Gas Measurement Multi-wavelength

• SAGE III New Features
• (Meteor-3M, FOO, ISS)
• Design Advantage
• CCD Increased ? discrimination
• Lunar Occultation Nighttime measurements
• 290 nm Channel Short ? measurements
• 1550 Channel Long ? measurements
• 16-bit A/D Decreased quantization error
• Increased dynamic range

SAM II (1978 - 1994) Servo Pointing Control Limb
Scanning 2-Axis tracking
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SAM II Engineering Team at LaRC Reggie Holloway-
Electronic Engineer Don Hedgepeth-
Mech./Thermal Ron Baker- Pointing Ed Mauldin-
Sensor Engineer Optics Tom Moore- R QA
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SAGE I Engineering Team at LaRC Jim Pleasants-
Project Manager Winn Vaughan- Electronics Len
McMaster- Detectors Sci. Team Mgr. John
Gustafson- Mech./Thermal
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Lanch Dates/Spacecraft/Locations/Rocket SAM II-
October 24, 1978/ Nimbus 7/ Western Test Range/
Delta SAGE I- February 19, 1979/ AEM 2Wallops
Flight Facility/ Scout SAGE II- October 5, 1984/
ERBS/ KSC/ Shuttle Challenger SAGE III- December
10, 2001/ METEOR 3M/Baikonur/ Zenit 2
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The SAGE II Technique
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Satellite Remote Sensing Approaches
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Occultation
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Data Applications

• Aerosols, PSCs and Heterogeneous Effects

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ESTIMATE OF AEROSOL MASS LOADING IN THE
STRATOSPHERE
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2001
2000
2003
2002
2004
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The SAGE Experience Lessons Learned

• You cant plan for 20-year lifetime, but you try
  hard to capitalize on it.
• Maintaining continuity over the lifetime of a
  mission is critical to long-term success,
  especially reprocessing.
• Focus on validation/inter-comparison over
  lifetime of mission has important benefits to
  mission.

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The SAGE Experience Lessons Learned, continued

• Nature sometimes provides unanticipated
  challenges and opportunities
• e.g., Pinatubo eruption
• As Dr. Norden once said Discoveries, both
  pleasant and unexpected come to those who are
  looking.
• Creative data usage by scientists provides new
  scientific opportunities - consider some examples
  
• PSC and PMC observations
• Upper tropospheric aerosol and subvisible cirrus
  clouds
• TOMS/SAGE residual for tropospheric ozone
• Trends and QBO effect studies
• Upper stratospheric temperatures
• Upper tropospheric water vapor transport
  mechanisms

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Summary

• SAGE II has been making routine measurements
  since late 1984 (20 years) with an exceedingly
  robust instrument and measurement lifetime.
• It is providing the high precision and high
  vertical resolution required for study of
  long-term changes.
• Stratospheric aerosol and ozone measurements have
  become primary global source for climatologies
  and trends
• Gold-Standard for 03 profiling.
• Life-time and stability provides possibilities
  for 03 and A trends.
• Contributed significantly to
• Polar and near-global chemistry and dynamics
  (vortex isolation, PSCs, etc.)
• Volcanic impacts and use in GCMs.
• Aircraft window crazing.
• Confirming evidence of effectiveness of
  international protocols regulating chlorine.

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The History of Earth-Orbiting Occultation
Experiments
I-------------------------------------------------
--------------
October 1984 SAGE II-ERBS (19 years)
I---
March 2002 SCIMACHY-GOMOS ENVISAT
I
July 1975 SAM-ASTP (2 orbits)
August 1996 ILAS-ADEOS
I---I
I-------------------------------------
September 1991 HALOE UARS (11 years)
October 1978 SAM II-NIMBUS 7 (16 years)
I-------------------------------------------------
---I
I
March 1992 ATMOS-ATLAS 1
I---------------
March 1998 POAM III-SPOT 4
I
February 1979 SAGE-AEM 2 (33 months)
April 1993 ATMOS-ATLAS 2
I-------I
I
April 1985 ATMOS-SL
I
December 2001 SAGE III-METEOR
I------
November 1994 ATMOS-ATLAS 3
September 1993 POAM II-SPOT 3 (38 months)
I----------I
December 2002 ILAS II-ADEOS
I--
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003
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SAGE Data Stream (Sunrise Event)
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SAGE II OZONE TRENDS
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Slant Path Optical Depth at 1020 nm
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Slant Path Optical Depth at 600 nm
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Slant Path Optical Depth at 20 Km
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SAGE II Science SuccessesFirst-ever measurements
of upper tropospheric aerosols and water vapor on
a near-global basis enabling

• the discovery of upper tropospheric aerosol
  layers from biomass burning in pristine
  locations
• the unique role of water vapor in green house
  warming and,
• cloud frequency statistics

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SAGE II Science SuccessesNear global O3,
aerosol, H2O and NO2 stratospheric profiles with
1km vertical resolution enabling

• an understanding of the effects of volcanic
  aerosols on radiative forcing, ozone depletion,
  stratospheric temperature change, aircraft
  structure degradation and possibly increasing
  cirrus clouds
• the determination of aerosol, ozone and water
  vapor climatologies
• the determination of ozone and aerosol
  trends
• details of gas-to-particle conversion and
  atmospheric transport
• a better understanding of the source of
  stratospheric H2O and,
• an early understanding of the irreversible mixing
  and loss of H2O and NO2, and vortex isolation.

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Celebrate To demonstrate grateful and happy
satisfaction in an event or anniversary by
engaging in festivities, indulgence, merry
making, etc., from the accustomed routine.
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SAGE II Science Successes
First-ever measurements of upper tropospheric
aerosols and water vapor on a near-global basis
enabling 1) the discovery of upper tropospheric
aerosol layers from biomass burning in pristine
locations 2) the unique role of water vapor in
greenhouse warming and, 3) cloud frequency
statistics
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SAGE II Science Successes
Near global O3, aerosol, H2O and NO2
stratospheric profiles with 1km vertical
resolution enabling 1) an understanding of the
effects of volcanic aerosols on radiative
forcing, ozone depletion, stratospheric
temperature change, aircraft structure
degradation and possibly increasing cirrus
clouds 2) the determination of aerosol, ozone
and water vapor climatologies 3) the
determination of ozone and aerosol trends 4)
details of gas-to-particle conversion and
atmospheric transport 5) a better understanding
of the source of stratospheric H2O and, 6) an
early understanding of the irreversible mixing
and loss of H2O and NO2, and vortex isolation
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