Early Child Development and 21st Century Economies

1
Early Child Development and 21st Century
Economies
DECS SENIOR LEADERS SEMINAR
Adelaide, Australia
By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR
March 9, 2005
2
03-072
CIAR
The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
3
03-073
CIAR Programs
Population Health Human Development Economic
Growth
4
04-033
Early Child Development and Human Development
Unacceptable gap between what we know and what we
do
Why?
5
04-152
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
6
04-142
What Do We Know?
The Biology of Brain Development
Conditions of early life affect the
differentiation and function of billions of
neurons in the brain. This early experience sets
up the pathways (connections) among the different
centres in the brain.
7
03-080
Experience-Based Brain Development in the early
years of life sets neurological and biological
pathways that affect health and well-being
throughout life
Health
Learning
Behaviour
8
04-145
The brain is a pathway by which experiences get
under the skin to affect health, learning and
behaviour.
9
04-143
Why the Gap?
Lack of understanding Social/Cultural Profession
al silos Failure to integrate knowledge about
ECD and human development Cost of quality ECD
programs
10
97-044
The Mismatch Between Opportunity and Investment
Brain's "Malleability"
Spending on Health,
Education and Welfare
Age
0
3
10
70
Medicare
Headstart
Welfare
Social Security
Public Education
Research
Medicaid
11
03-131
NEUROSCIENCE
12
03-078
Experience and Brain Development
Stimuli in early life switch on genetic pathways
that differentiate neuron function sensitive
periods
Stimuli affect the formation of
the connections (synapses)
among the billions of neurons
From studies in humans, monkeys and rats
13
00-078
Brain Pathway and Plasticity in Early Years
1. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis
- regulation of cortisol
memory, diabetes, heart disease,
cognition, behaviour
2. Autonomic nervous system
blood pressure, respiration
3. Sensing pathways (vision, sound, touch etc.)
cognition, language, literacy etc.
14
01-003
Human Brain Development Synapse Formation
Language
Sensing
Pathways
Higher
(vision, hearing)
Cognitive Function
9
0
1
4
8
12
16
3
6
-3
-6
Months
Years
Conception
AGE
C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.
15
01-023
Genes and Brain Stimulation
in the dance of life, genes and environment
are absolutely inextricable partners. On the one
hand, genes supply the rough blueprint for the
brain. Then stimulation from the environment,
whether its light impinging on the retina or a
mothers voice on the auditory nerve, turns genes
on and off, fine-tuning those brain structures
both before and after birth.
Hyman, S., States of Mind, New York John
Wiley, 1999
16
03-089
Serotonin Gene, Experience, and Depression Age 26
Depression Risk
.70
SS
S Short Allele L Long Allele
.50
SL
LL
.30
No Abuse
Moderate Abuse
Severe Abuse
Early Childhood
A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.
17
04-157
Epigenetics Gene Expression
An intermediate process that imprints dynamic
environmental experiences on the fixed genome
resulting, in stable alterations in phenotype.
I. Weaver et al., Nature Neuroscience, June 2004.
18
04-144
Epigenetics and Brain Plasticity
Experience and methylation of DNA Imprints
environmental experiences on the fixed
genome Maternal behaviour affects DNA
methylation Can be transmitted to offspring
19
04-012
Summary Brain Plasticity
Sensing pathways set in early life
Vision Hearing Touch
HPA Pathway (stress) set in early life
(HPA-Immune Pathway)
Hippocampus - Memory
Plasticity sustained throughout life Affected by
HPA Pathway
20
03-063
HEALTH
21
04-006
Swedish Longitudinal Study ECD and Adult Health
Number of Adverse ECD Circumstances
1
2
4
0
3
Adult Health
Odds - Ratios
General Physical
1
1.39
1.54
2.08
2.66
1
1.56
1.53
2.91
7.76
Circulatory
Mental
1
1.78
2.05
3.76
10.27
Economic, family size, broken family and family
dissention
Lundberg, Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993
22
00-076
Socio-Economic Factors Life Cycle and Health
In Utero - Barker et al
Early Years - Power and Hertzman
Adult Life - Marmot et al
Biological embedding in the early years
influences health risks in adult life
23
00-069
Health Problems Related to Early Life
and Brain Development
Coronary Heart Disease Non-insulin Dependent
Diabetes Obesity Blood Pressure Aging and
Memory Loss Mental Health (depression)
24
01-010
"Follow up through life of successive
samples of birth has pointed to the
crucial influence of early life on
subsequent mental and physical health
and development."
Acheson, Donald -
Independent Inquiry into
,1998
Inequalities in Health
25
98-032
Socio-Economic Gradients in Health, Learning and
Behaviour
Can be steep or shallow (no threshold) At the
lowest SES position, many still do well in
respect to health, education and learning Not
simply a poverty question Is a social
issue Cohesion trust
26
04-015
Socio-Economic Gradient and Mortality Men UK
140
120
SMR
100
SMR Standardized Mortality Ratios
80
60
I
V
IV
III
II
Social Class
27
99-097
Winnipeg
Education and Death
All Cause Mortality (Deaths / 1000)
Education Level
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
least
most
1996
8.83
7.53
7.26
6.88
5.99
28
03-065
BEHAVIOUR
29
01-008
"Longitudinal studies show most seriously
antisocial adolescents and adults who had
behavior problems during childhood showed as
antisocial behavior when they enter the school
systems."
Tremblay, R
. - Developmental Health and the
Wealth of Nations, 1999
30
04-126
Physical Aggression Trajectories
4
Chronic (4)
High (28)
Physical Aggression
2
Moderate (53)
Low (14)
0
6
10
11
12
13
14
15
Age
Nagin Tremblay. 1999.
31
01-012
Early Learning and Criminal Behaviour
Significant correlation with registered
criminality (teenage) appeared for language
development at 6, 18, and 24 months
Journal of Abnormal
Stattin, H. et al -
102 369, 1993
Psychology
32
03-115
LITERACY
33
01-040
Levels of Literacy A Reflection of ECD
Level 1
indicates persons with very poor skills.
Level 2
people can deal with material that is simple
Level 3
is considered a suitable minimum for coping with
the demands of everyday life
Level 4 and 5
describe people who demonstrate command of
higher-order processing skills
34
02-061
Document Literacy
1994 1998, Ages 16 to 55
Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5

Sweden
23
34
Canada
42
23
Australia
43
17
United States
48
18
Chile
85
3
35
00-085
Literacy Gradients
Mean scores
350
Document
Literacy Scores
330
310
290
International
Sweden
Mean
270
250
Netherlands
230
Canada
210
190
Chile
170
0
5
10
15
20
Parents Education (years)
36
02-001
Literacy Early Vocabulary Growth
1200
High SES
Middle SES
Cumulative Vocabulary
600
Low SES
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
Age - Months
B. Hart T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in
Everyday Experiences of Young American Children,
1995
37
04-147
Life Expectancy Literacy
80
78
76
Life Expectancy at Birth (yrs)
74
72
70
60
40
100
20
0
80
Percent at Literacy Levels 1 and 2
OECD
38
04-161
VULNERABLE CHILDREN
39
03-018
Vulnerable Children Aged 4 to 6 NLSCY 1998
40
30
Ontario
Prevalence of Vulnerable Children
20
Rest of Canada
10

0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Socioeconomic Status
40
01-053
Odds - Ratio for Children's (0-5)
Cognitive and Behaviour Problems
Behaviour
Cognitive
Parenting (vs good)
Authoritarian
1.53
2.01
Permissive
1.23
1.80
Inadequate
1.85
2.14
Parents Read to Child
0.92
0.96
Local Support
0.93
1.00
41
04-148
Improving Gradients for Document Literacy Scores
410
Canada
390
370
Sweden
350
330
Mean scores
310
Today
290
Future
270
250
230
0
5
10
15
20
Parents Education (years)
42
04-149
Evidence That You Can Raise the Learning Bar
Observational Studies Randomized
Trials National Longitudinal Studies
43
99-092
Romanian Orphanage Study
Adopted Canadian Homes
lt 4 months
8 to 53 months
IQ low
IQ normal
poor attachment
good attachment
serious behaviour
few behaviour
problems
problems
44
00-046
Evening Cortisol Levels Increase with
Months of Orphanage Rearing
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Log10 Salivary Cortisol
-0.8
linear trendline
-1
-1.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Months of Orphanage Rearing
45
00-042
360
Sociocultural
Gradients for
Cuba
Language
320
Scores
By Country
Argentina
Chile
280
Brazil
Language Score
Colombia
240
200
1
4
8
12
16
Parents' Education (Years)
46
05-066
Grade 3 Language Scores
Argentina _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Brazil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chile _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cuba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _
100
250
300
350
400
150
200
UNESCO, 1998
47
02-036
Intervention Studies
Grantham-McGregor Abecedarian Ypsilanti Osborn
and Milbank Bergmann France AKDN Madrassa
Program Other (World Bank Report)
Compatible with biological and animal studies
48
03-005
WISC Verbal Scores Age 8 Low Birth Weight
Children in ECD Centres (Ages 1 to 3)
Low Birth Weight
16
All
14
Very Low
12
Low
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
Intention to
350 Days or
400 Days or
Treat
Less in Centre
More in Centre
Hill, Brooks-Gunn, Waldfogel. Dev. Psychol. 2003
July.
49
04-153
Abecedarian Study Reading
Effect Size
Primary Grades
Preschool
Preschool Primary Grades
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
Age 8
Age 12
Age 15
Age 21
Age at Testing
50
05-002
Early Child Development and Parenting Centres
51
05-019
Positive Effects on ECD
Centre-based -- Strong Home visits -- Weak Case
management No effect
Brooks-Gunn, J. 2002
52
05-029
Early Child Development and Parenting Centres
Offer from conception to school entry Provide
support for parents Learn parenting by
doing Provide non-parental care Link to
Childrens Services as needed
53
99-004
ECD and Experience-Based Brain Development
parent-oriented
child-oriented
1
2
3
4
5
6
- 0
age
Components of Early Childhood Development and
Parenting Centres
Universal available, accessible, affordable and
optional
Parental and non-parental care
Parent- and child-oriented
Quality early child development environments
Responsive relationships and parent involvement
54
05-025
Public Policy ECD-P Centres - I
Universal, accessible and voluntary Centres
should be community-based Childrens Services
linked to centres
55
05-026
Public Policy ECD-P Centres - II
Well-educated and trained staff Parenting and
labour market policies Outcome
accountability Integrate existing program
components home visiting, non-parental care,
family resource programs, kindergarten, etc.
56
05-003
Establishing ECD and Parenting Centres

• Cost
• Integration of community activities
• Linkage to the primary school system

57
04-043
Cost per Infant / Toddler / Child
Age 0 to 6 (Includes JK SK)
Ontario
7,500
Federal Reserve Bank - USA
9,500
58
03-128
Ontario Cost to Put in Place ECD and Parenting
Centres (Not Compulsory)

• Initial cost about 3.2 Billion
• Present Expenditure (public) 1.5 Billion
  (Including Kindergarten)
• Need a further 1.7 Billion for stage 1
• Ontario public education 14.3 Billion (Primary
  and Secondary)

59
03-116
OUTCOME MEASURES
60
05-037
Measures of Brain Development

• Language and literacy
• Sterol metabolism

61
03-085
Outcome Measures Early Development Instrument
(EDI)
Physical health and well-being
Social knowledge and competence

Emotional health/maturity
Language and cognitive development
Communication skills and general
knowledge
62
02-065
Percentage of Children in Kindergarten Scoring in
Bottom 10 by District - Vancouver
34.5
15
27.5
8.5
21.5
EDI, February 2000
63
02-064
Percentage Grade 4 Students Below Numeracy
Expectations
0-11
12-22
23-34
35-46
47-58
Source Ministry of Education
64
04-158
Canadian Government
Child Tax Benefit National Child
Benefit Maternity and Parental Leave for one
year Funding to provinces and territories for
ECD - QUAD
65
03-074
Rates of Return to Human Development Investment
Across all Ages
8
6
Pre-school Programs
Return Per Invested
School
4
R
Job Training
2
Pre- School
School
Post School
0
6
18
Age
Pedro Carneiro, James Heckman, Human Capital
Policy, 2003
66
00-068
Integrated - ECD
Social
Equality
Education
Health
Capital
Economic
Growth
Human Development
67
02-018
From Early Child Development

To
Human Development
World Bank Report, 2002
68
01-039
www.founders.net
To download this presentation, go to Slides -
Slide Shows
69
References
References

• From Early Child Development to Human
  Development. Editor Mary Eming Young, World
  Bank, Washington, 2000.
• Synaptic Self How Our Brains Become Who We Are.
  Joseph LeDoux, Viking Penguin, New York, 2003.
• The End of Stress As We Know It. Bruce McEwen,
  Joseph Henry Press, Washington, 2002.
• Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations.
  Editors Daniel P. Keating, Clyde Hertzman, The
  Guilford Press, New York, 1999.
• From Neurons to Neighborhoods. The Science of
  Early Child Development. Editors Jack P.
  Shonkoff and Deborah A. Phillips, National
  Academy Press, Washington, 2000.
• Early Years Study, Final Report Reversing the
  Real Brain Drain. Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain and
  J. Fraser Mustard, Publications Ontario,
  Toronto,1999.

70
References

• 7. Vulnerable Children. Editor J. Douglas
  Willms, University of Alberta Press, Edmonton,
  2002.
• 8. Readiness to Learn at School. Magdalena
  Janus and Dan Offord, In Isuma (Canadian Journal
  of Policy Research) Vol. 1, No. 2, 2000.
• 9. Why are some people healthy and others not?
  Editors Robert G. Evans et al, Aldine De
  Gruyter, New York, 1994.
• The Early Years Study Three Years Later. Hon.
  Margaret Norrie McCain and J. Fraser Mustard, The
  Founders Network, 2002.
• Choice for parents, the best start for children
  a ten year strategy for childcare. Dept. for
  Education and Skills, HM Treasury.
  www.hm-treasury.gov.uk. 2004.