Swine Production in the U'S'

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Swine Production in the U.S.

• Chris Hostetler

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Trends Shaping the US Swine Industry

• Improved herd performance
• 3 more pork / breeding animal / year
• Fewer bigger hog farms
• 1mill (67) now 85,790 (00) 235 farms own 52
• Specialization
• 75 of farms (20) now 5 (00)
• Fewer bigger packing plants
• Concentration ratio 33 (80), 56.2 (00)
• Geographic shift in production
• Growth in grain deficient areas of US

Plain, R.L. (2001) J. Ani.Sci 79 (Suppl.1)406
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Trends Shaping the US Swine Industry Cont.

• Production packing integration
• Packers own 25 of all hogs
• Packing processing integration
• Name branding of pork
• Contract finishing
• 32 of all hogs (99)
• Globalization
• World pork expanding at 8/yr
• Public perception
• Growing community aversion to pork production

Plain, R.L. (2001) J. Ani.Sci 79 (Suppl.1)406
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Centers of Production
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Number of Swine Operations
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Porks Biggest Players(1999)
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Pigs Weaned Per Litter
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Annual Hog Slaughter
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Marketing of Pork

• Marketing goes from producer to a meat packer
• most pigs are sold on a grade and yield basis
• some pigs are sold strictly on live weight
• packer determines the price

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Wholesale Value

• 250 lbs at Market
• x .35 / lb current price
• 87.50
• 720 lbs of feed
• x .14 /lb
• 100.86
• 87.50 - 100.86 (13.36)

• 250 lbs at Market
• x .55 / lb current price
• 137.50
• 720 lbs of feed
• x .14 /lb
• 100.86
• 137.50 - 100.86 36.64

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Review

• Factors shaping the swine industry
• Major centers of pork production
• Statistics concerning the U.S. swine industry

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Life Cycle of a Pig
Farrowing
Weaning
Feeder Pig
Breeding
Grower
Market
Developer
Finisher
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Farrowing

• Presence of milk 18-24 h prior to birth
• Increased restlessness
• Nesting behavior
• Decrease in respiration rate
• 40 of pigs are born breech
• Sow aggression
• Common diseases - E.coli, joint ill

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Nursery Phase

• Wean pigs at 3 - 4 weeks of age
• Feed high protein diets
• Feed must be palatable and easily digested
• Nutritional requirements change rapidly
• Common diseases - rotovirus, atrophic rhinitis

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Grower Phase

• Lasts from 45 - 120 lbs (6 weeks)
• Feed vegetable protein diet
• Grind feed to a uniform particle size
• Common diseases - internal parasites, mycoplasma
  pneumonia, umbilical hernia

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Finisher Phase

• Lasts from 120 - 250 lbs (8 weeks)
• Reduce protein and energy in diet
• Weigh pigs to prevent sort loss
• Select replacement females
• Common diseases - internal parasites, mycoplasma
  pneumonia

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Management of Replacement Gilts

• Remove from full feed
• Vaccinate for breeding diseases
• Check of estrus using a fertile boar
• increased nervous activity
• actively seeks male
• redness and swelling of the vulva
• lordosis response (back pressure test)

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Gestation Phase

• Treat for control of internal parasites
• Adjust body condition during 2nd trimester
• Give pre-farrowing vaccinations
• Move to farrowing facility at 109 days of
  pregnancy

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Herd Health Effects

• Strict biosecurity (closed herd)
• Animal flow (all in, all out)
• Exposure of gilts during developer phase
• Internal and external parasite control
• Active vaccination program
• Parvovirus
• Leptospirosis
• PRRS
• Bordetella
• Erysipelas

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Role of Herd Veterinarians

• Production medicine
• Herd health not individual animal treatment
• Serve as counsel on a wide variety of management
  issues
• Nutrition
• Reproduction
• Animal flow
• Nutrient management
• Vaccination programs

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Review

• Life cycle of a pig
• Year in the life of a sow
• General considerations for swine reproduction

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Measures of Efficiency

• Pigs marketed per year
• Pigs produced per year
• Sow productivity
• litters per year
• pigs per year
• Farrowing Operation
• pigs per crate per year